Church in the Wild Analysis Essay Example

Church in the Wild Analysis Paper Jay Z no Church in the Wild With the release of their newest CD, Watch the Throne, many of Jay-Z and Kanye West’s most exclusive tracks have come under scrutiny. One particular song containing debatable yet obvious theological symbolism is â€Å"No Church in the Wild.† Citing and exclaiming their religious and social beliefs, as well as their activities in today’s society in this new song, Kanye West and Shawn Carter (Jay-Z) show deep symbolism of today’s culture, the influence of Plato and Socrates on them, as well as their controversial lifestyles. Also, containing a featured chorus by Frank Ocean and a bridge by The-Dream, these parts touch on the symbolism and influence of religion and love in many lives today. The Watch the Throne duo revealed their theological beliefs in this song in many ways typical of their style. The song starts off with Frank Ocean’s hook: â€Å"Human beings in a mob, What’s a mob to a king? What’s a king to a God? What’s a God to a non-believer who don’t believe in anything?† Each of these couplets have significance to one another and are all tied together. He starts off by saying that there are human beings in a mob. But what is one human being to a mob? It is insignificant by number, but numbers make up the masses. He then goes on to ask â€Å"What’s a mob to a king?† creating the question that asks: can a mob of people overcome a king or is a king too powerful? But what is a â€Å"king to a God?† Does a mortal king have as much power as an almighty spiritual God? The song begins to unfold when Frank Ocean sings, â€Å"What’s a God to a non-believer who don’t believe in anything?† Frank Ocean brings up an interesting question: if a God is almighty and powerful and has influence over itâ₠¬â„¢s followers, what does this God mean to a non-believer? A non-believer does not care about a God’s existence, so to this person, this God does not even exist or matter. God has just went from being the most powerful being in the universe to superstition. The hook is ended with and also begins the song with the line â€Å"Will he make it out alive, alright, alright, no church in the wild.† This line touches on the â€Å"non-believer† who doesn’t believe in a God and is, in a sense, in the wild. The non-believer has no one protecting him, including a God, so will he be safe in this world where there is no church and God protecting him? We will write a custom essay sample on Church in the Wild Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Church in the Wild Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Church in the Wild Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Frank Ocean’s hook of the song endz, the song breaks down and Jay-Z’s verse begins. Jay-Z touches on some philosophical and religious topics throughout his verse. During the second line of his verse, he raps, â€Å"Lies on the lips of a priests, Thanksgiving disguised as a feast.† What if every priest, the messenger for God, whom was supposed to spread the truth, was just telling lies? The basic theme of the track is that you have to fight for yourself, as there is nobody else there to save you (no church in the wild). This is explored through the use of scripture and religious imagery. With the media, Internet, and other means of communication, it is hard to tell what information is true. Thanksgiving, the American holiday to celebrate America’s independence and God’ provisions for our nation, but is tabooed by the fact that we killed numerous Native Americans for our nation. In his sixth line, he states, â€Å"Drug dealer chic, I’m wondering if a thug’s prayers reach,† which is also a Tupac reference, and wonders whether or not a thug or criminal’s prayer is reached by God. From lines 7-9 (â€Å"Is Pious pious cause God.I know yall hear my sneaks†), Jay paraphrases â€Å"The Euthyphro Dilemma†: Do the gods love holy (pious) things because they are pious, or are those things that are pious made in this holy way because the gods love them? This comes back to Socrates and his questioning and wondering of why we do things for certain people or the gods to make them happy for no reasoning? Why do we want to make God happy? It is because we are told to make God happy through worship. Jays verse starts with him describing impurities in things that are supposed to be perfect (i.e. Tears on the mausoleum floor, blood stains on the Colosseum doors, lies on the lips of a priest etc.) He then insinuates that he, Jesus, and Kanye are a new Holy Trinity:Jesus was a carpenter, Yeezy he laid beats (Kanye built music like Jesus, a carpenter would build a house — this could also be a loose allusion to Kanyes song Jesus Walks). He’s setting the two of them up as Gods of Rap. Kanyes verse stays with the Trinity by rapping about a a threesome (we formed our own religion†). He then describes a girl who is a perfect apostle for him, with two tattoos that read, No Apologies and Love is Cursed by Monogamy.

The Life of Eugene Beckett Essays

The Life of Eugene Beckett Essays The Life of Eugene Beckett Essay The Life of Eugene Beckett Essay Essay Topic: Waiting for Godot Eugenes mother had sent him and his sister to live with a different family in the Countryside, where he stayed from 1917 through 1919. In his later writings, he describes this time of his life as the most peaceful and quietest. Ionesco and his sister eventually moved back to Paris and once again, lived with his mother and grandparents. He began to write while he attended a school in Rue Dupleix. Eugene) Becketts dramatic works are not those of traditional drama, he had certain styles of work and he usually had all of his characters involved in some sort of conflict. Beckett was the first of the absurdists to claim international fame, with his works being translated into over twenty different languages. Samuel Beckett is another father figure of the Theater of the Absurd style. Beckett, who was an Irish-born playwright and novelist, was born on April 13, 1906 in the Dublin suburb of Foxrock, Ireland. Beckett was raised in a middle class, protestant home. He is best known for and won international fame with his play En Attendant Godot (Waiting for Godot), which was first performed in Paris on January 5, 1953, and the play received worldwide commendation; however, possibly the most famous production of this play took place at the San Quentin penitentiary for an audience of over fourteen hundred convicts. As much to people surprise, the performance was that of great success. It led the prisoners to understand that life is all about waiting and killing time for the hope that change may be right around the corner and if it doesnt come today, then possibly tomorrow. (Samuel) From 1960 to 1964, Ionesco lived in Paris, and continued working on more performances. In 1969, he received the medal of Monaco, and in December, the Great National Theatre Prize. The following year in 1970, Ionesco was elected a member of the French Academy and that same year he received the Great Australian Prize. Throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s, Ionesco received many awards and recognition, and in his later years, he spent most of his time painting. (Eugene) In 1969, at the age of 57, Beckett was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. He continued writing up until his death in 1989. At the time of his death, he was said to be the most innovative and influential dramatist of the 20th Century. The Theater of the Absurd artists and performers had much of the same lifestyle growing up and each had difficult stages in their lives when they had felt no self confidence and felt like they were not going anywhere in life. For the most part, while they were dealing with these times, they resorted to writing in order to vent from it all. Writing actually helped them to overcome many doubts that they all had. In Jarrys case, unfortunately his problems with alcohol actually got to him before he could get to that recovery stage. Although his life was ended short, he obviously had a major impact in literature and many followed his style of writing. (Samuel) Ionesco disliked false interpretations of his work. He states, I always want to be understood, that is to say, I want people to fully understand what I tried to say, since I tried to say it. This statement came about when American audiences misinterpreted his play, Rhinoceros, and thought it was a comedy even though it was written as a tragi-comedy. The play contained three types of humor: dark humor, verbal humor, and physical humor. Even though Rhinoceros contains these three types of humor, it is also said that is has a slight element of classical tragedy.

Friendship through thick or thin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Friendship through thick or thin - Essay Example ws down to explain their predicaments, how people neglect their occurrence and the problems they have to face in the society, since they are a neglected lot in the society. However, their fate is decided upon with them stumbling on a fortune. Since they have a strong bond in their relationship, they gain understanding in each other. They have ample trust in each other and decide to share their fortune. There are different people in the society with different economic muscles, depending on their social context. These are the rich people and the poor people who live in the same society, referred to as â€Å"home,† However, there is a difference between the two kinds of people as they have to live in different parts of the society. The poor people live on the streets and are regarded an invisible by the well-to-do with people. Wagamese states that it is â€Å"a truth you carry within yourself.† They are used to the neglect as they do not have the influence in the society (Wagamese, 124). They are forced to live on their own devices, which is a hurdle to their living. However, â€Å"their sense of belonging unites† them as friends and family that stays together. There is a spiritual guidance in the livelihoods of the four characters as they have their own contributions towards their companionship. First, Amelia One Sky is a considerable mother figure in the group, with the responsibilities of controlling the group. He is the in control of the group with â€Å"spiritual guidance and a deep reflection† on their needs. He instigated the whole group by joining the outsiders to their circle. Secondly, Amelia joined the outsiders to the group by incepting â€Å"Timber, Double Dick and Digger† (Wagamese 234). Their friendship was concreted by the fact that they lived in the same area and had the same experience in their life. In the course of their search for greener pastures, they attend a cinema and are obliged to have a deep adoration to the cinema. This is an instance that

COMPARE THE PARTY LINE AND WOMEN TALK TOO MUCH Article

COMPARE THE PARTY LINE AND WOMEN TALK TOO MUCH - Article Example The article shows that many situations men talk more than women do where they instill dominance in issues of different scenarios. Men usually want to ensure their points are taken on point in interviews taken. This is reflected in the study done in New Zealand where it was established that men control more of the talking time. This article shows that men talk more compared to women in public like official meetings, seminars, or tasks activities. It shows that men are more concerned with their status compared to women (Holmes, 2006). The article highlights that women do talk more than men in other situations do especially where they use talk to develop personal relationships, where women can make connections rather than proving points to the public. Women talk more about family and when in the majority. It seems that women talk more depending on their context (Karpf, 2006) In the article, â€Å"The Party Line† by Rachael Rafelman (2006) it shows that women generally want to be heard where listening to them is an integral part of the girl talk due to reciprocal communication and women folk require this from each other. This article states that men are boring when both women and men are engaged in the same conversation, but women seem interesting than their male counterparts. Men enjoy talking about business and avoid personal stuff. Women in conversation look for ways to connect where women prefer disclosure of details when men do not disclose personal information easily (Rafelman, 2006). The article by Rafelman (2006) speaks about how women are traditionally designed to keep conversations going in traditional female social functions. Where women draw people out and enable people to talk about themselves. It highlights that women capabilities are undermined where they are not celebrated. Women’s speech intends to be soft in conversations, and this is due to their nature. In this article of â€Å"the Party

Child development shot answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child development shot answer - Assignment Example First Law: For all of the human beings, their traits are heritable and transferred through generations. This law indicates that no matter where the kids are raised some of strong makers in their behavior are the result of heredity. A conventional theory is, half of the variation in intelligence, personality and life outcomes is heritable. Second Law: Genes affect a person’s behavior more than the effect of a person being brought up in the same family. This law explains that the effect of upbringing on a child’s behavior is about 0% to 10% rests of his traits are all genetics. Answer: Their proposed theory of development with genetics is that the genetical traits also have an effect on the environment changes and both of them have a direct or through experience impact on 3 types of correlations: Passive, Evocative and Active. If a child is raised in a tragic environment then chances are that in an evocative environment he would start showing negative traits. Q5. List and define the 4 attachments styles assessed in childhood through the Strange Situation. Then provide an overview of the parenting styles or patterns of caregiving that are thought to foster each of the 4 attachment styles. Describe or explain the social learning, cognitive developmental, and ethological explanation so of how infants form primary attachments. Answer: Secure attachment. In this type of attachment the child feels safe, explorative and happy. He trusts the person he is with and knows his needs will be fulfilled. In this case the parents response quickly to the child’s need and are always there for him when needed. Avoidant attachment. This type of attachment tells us that the child is not that happy, he does not feel explorative and understands that his needs might not be met. In this case the parents are usually distant and detached to the child. Ambivalent

Second Hand Smoke Prevention Policies

Second Hand Smoke Prevention Policies EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS Thank you for the opportunity to make a submission on the Smoke-free Cars Bill in NZ. I am currently a Population Health student at the University of Auckland, an interest which stemmed from my realisation that many illnesses and injuries are largely preventable. With volunteering experience for World Vision NZ, I am also an advocate of children’s health. My approach to health is based upon population health. In the case of smoking, there exists significant population health ramifications: of not only the impact tobacco has on smokers’ health, but of also the dangers of second-hand smoke (SHS) to those around them. This policy is therefore important for not only the wellbeing of children, but also for achieving widespread positive health gain for all New Zealanders. Like many health organisations in NZ, I urge the promotion of a Vision for Tupeka Kore Aotearoa; a tobacco-free New Zealand by 2020 so that future generations of New Zealanders will be protected from exposure to tobacco products and enjoy tobacco-free lives. I support the bill to ban smoking in all vehicles when children are present. Firstly, considerable scientific studies have produced convincing evidence that exposure to SHS in vehicles has serious health consequences for children. Moreover, there are marked deprivation and ethnic inequalities in in-vehicle SHS exposure. Thirdly, the need to protect children, a vulnerable group, from these harms forms the ethical rationale for regulatory action. Finally, ought such a bill be implemented, it would enjoy widespread public support from smokers and non-smokers, adults and children alike. Key Recommendations I recommend that awareness campaigns are needed to highlight the risks associated with SHS, the benefits of maintaining smoke-free cars, and the rationales behind a law banning smoking in vehicles carrying children. I recommend that the government continue supporting media campaigns and other initiatives which encourage smoking cessation. Based on the range of fines imposed in Australia and the fine linked to the safety belt law in NZ, I suggest an on-the-spot fine of $150 be set for those breaching the smoke-free ban. As a more long-term strategy, I recommend that the possibility of restricting smoking in all private vehicles (regardless of whether they are carrying children) to be explored. POLICY STATEMENT The harmful effects that SHS causes to children’s health is well documented. Although the general public is protected by the smoke-free regulations in enclosed public places and workspaces in NZ, most children remain at risk of exposure to high levels of SHS when confined in vehicles. For the purposes of this submission, â€Å"children† refers to anyone under the age of eighteen. In order to reduce children’s exposure to SHS in vehicles, I am championing the Smoke-free Cars Bill, banning smoking in any vehicle with children present. Using supporting evidence, I outline the reasons behind my position below. HEALTH AND WELLBEING RATIONALE Second-hand Smoke SHS is highly toxic; it contains thousands of hazardous chemicals, many of which are cancer-causing (carcinogenic). When non-smokers are exposed to SHS (passive smoking), they also inhale many of the toxins and carcinogenic substances as smokers do. Health Hazards in Children Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of SHS, as they have smaller airways and lungs, faster breathing rates, and less developed immune systems. For children, exposure to SHS is a known cause of many adverse health consequences. SHS increases the risk of respiratory diseases (such as bronchitis and pneumonia) , middle ear infections , and sudden infant death syndrome . Exposure to SHS is especially harmful for asthmatic children, who experience more severe symptoms and more frequent asthma attacks. SHS can also cause asthma in children with no prior symptoms. An estimated one million asthmatic children in the United States have had their condition worsened due to SHS exposure. Yet, a study reported that only half of the parents of asthmatic children maintained smoke-free vehicles. Children exposed to SHS in vehicles have been found to exhibit nicotine dependence symptoms, even though they had previously never smoked cigarettes. A review by the British Medical Association concluded that there is no safe level of exposure to SHS for children; low levels of exposure are still associated with harmful health effects. Pollution Levels of Smoke in Vehicles Pollution levels from SHS with vehicles reach dangerously high levels that can cause serious health risks for all riders, particularly children. Unhealthy levels of pollution generated from SHS were detected across multiple studies, even with vehicle windows and air vents opened, and the fan set on high. The levels of pollution from SHS a child is exposed to in a fully ventilated vehicle was found to be greater than that of smoke-filled bars and restaurants , and smokers’ homes ; they also exceeded air quality levels on Auckland’s poorest air quality days. The Chartered Institute of Environmental Health found that effects of SHS in vehicles continue to be harmful, long after the smoke had dissipated. This is due to the build-up of chemicals from cigarette smoke, which clings to the carpet and upholstery. In all cases, the studies’ authors recommended the enactment of smoke-free vehicle regulations to protect the health of not only children, but all non-smokers. EQUITY RATIONALE MÄ ori and Pacific Island children were found to have greater SHS exposure in vehicles. This, however, is not a localised phenomenon, as previous studies in the United States found similar ethnic disparities. Martin et al. observed that children of low socioeconomic status have a higher risk of exposure to SHS in vehicles, and therefore, may contribute to health inequities. This is consistent with a study in the United States, which reported that lower income households were less likely to maintain smoke-free cars. Jarvie and Malone concluded that a bill protecting children from SHS in vehicles promotes equity, because children who are already social disadvantaged (of minority populations, and deprived neighbourhoods and families) would derive the most benefits. ETHICAL RATIONALE Children are a Vulnerable Group Legislation is important to protect children because they are a vulnerable, dependent group of individuals, who – unlike adults – are unable to protect or speak for themselves. Preventing smoking by adults in vehicles containing children constrains adults freedom (or autonomy) temporarily, as they would only be restricted in vehicles. However, for children who are unable to protect themselves from SHS exposure, the effects of SHS are serious and permanent. Protecting the Interests of Children Ethicists asserted that adults who choose to smoke in vehicles with children present are not acting in the interests of the child, because their action places children at high risk of serious harm from SHS exposure. This is a circumstance where the interests of children and parents conflict: the health and wellbeing of children, versus adults freedom to smoke in vehicles. Given that SHS exposure is profound in its potential to cause preventable morbidity and mortality among children, the government – as the ultimate guardian of children – has a duty to ban smoking in vehicle with children present. This bill is further supported by ethical principles of non-maleficence and beneficence: it both obliges adults to not inflict harm to children, and promotes the interests of children. INCREASING PUBLIC SUPPORT Numerous studies found that while smokers were less likely to be supportive of smoke-free laws in all vehicles, they were largely supportive of banning smoking in vehicles when children are present. It is fair to conclude that there would be even higher levels of support among non-smokers. The vast majority of people would therefore be calling for and supporting the enforcement of a smoke-free law for vehicles carrying children. Survey data in NZ and overseas alike have indicated that support for laws banning smoking in cars carrying children has been increasing over time. A NZ study found that children expressed negative feelings toward smoking, and were aware that smoking in cars with children present is ‘wrong’. Some specifically stated that smoking should be banned, which suggests that children themselves would be supportive of a bill restricting smoking in vehicles. RECOMMENDATIONS Alongside legislation (which urges responsible behaviour), I recommend that awareness campaigns are needed to highlight the health risks for children associated with SHS, the benefits of maintaining smoke-free cars, and the rationales behind a law banning smoking in vehicles containing children. I recommend that the government continue to support media campaigns by Quitline NZ and other initiatives which encourage smoking cessation, as it is the single most effective way of reducing children’s exposure to SHS without forcing behaviour change. I suggest an on-the-spot fine of $150 be set for those breaching the smoke-free ban. This has been made in consideration of the range of fines imposed in Australia (where there already exists a smoking bans on vehicles carrying children) , as well as the $150 fine associated with breaching the safety belt law in NZ . As a more long-term strategy, I recommend that the possibility of restricting smoking in all private vehicles should be explored, as this would be much more straightforward and practical than a ban limited to smoking in vehicles only if children are present. Exposure to SHS in vehicles is also a significant risk to the health of adults. CONCLUSION Thank you for the opportunity to submit on the Smoke-free Cars Bill in NZ. In this submission, I have outlined the health and wellbeing, equity and ethical rationales, as well as evidence of increasing public support, for why a law banning smoking in all vehicles containing children is required. I have made practical recommendations on how the policy, if implemented, could be improved and strengthened. I look forward to seeing the regulation of smoking in cars as one step closer to realising Tupeka Kore Aotearoa, a tobacco-free New Zealand, by 2020.

Comparing Sir Walter Raleighs The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd to Chr

Comparing Sir Walter Raleigh's "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" to Christopher Marlowe's "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"Â   Sir Walter Raleigh wrote "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" in 1600 to respond to Christopher Marlowe's "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" written in 1599. In " The Passionate Shepherd to His Love", the Shepherd used double-entendres and hidden sexual images in an attempt to trick the Nymph into performing sexual intercourse with him. The Shepherd attempted to convince the Nymph that he would bestow her the various presents and pleasures that he described, but in reality his gifts only comprised of sexual meanings. However, the Nymph was exceedingly intelligent and conscious of the Shepherd's hidden seductions. She was so smart, that she hastily rejected the Shepherd's proposal by using the exact words that the Shepherd used in his request. The Shepherd in Marlowe's poem used disguised sexual images in hope that the Nymph would be attracted to him. The Shepherd first offered the Nymph "...valleys, groves, hills, and fields, / woods, or steepy mountain yields" ( ). He hopes that the Nymph would interpret the images as places he would like to take her, but in actuality the Shepherd was describing to the Nymph the various parts and curves of her body which he would like to explore. The Nymph replies to his offer by stating "The flowers do fade, and wanton fields, / to wayward winter reckoning yields " ( ). Which means that things change and though the Shepherd has a sexually unrestrained body, that through time he will become headstrong and unwilling to continue the sexual pleasures. As the poem continues, the Shepherd offers the Nymph "a belt of straw and ivy buds" ( ). The belt and ... ... have moved you, then come live with me so that we may continue making these "pleasures". The Nymph replied with "If truth in every shepherd's tongue/ these pretty pleasures might me move" (2-3). She would be moved by what the Shepherd said if he wanted more from her than just a sexual relationship. Through reading the works by Marlowe and Raleigh it's determined that the shepherd had only sexual feelings for the Nymph. The poems showed no acts of love, only sexual desires that the Shepherd was feeling and a strong sense of rejection from the Nymph. The Nymph did an extraordinary job of standing up for herself. The Shepherd failed in his plan to trick the Nymph and ended up looking like a jackass. Works Cited: Marlowe, Christopher. "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love." From The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Sixth ed. New York: Norton, 1993.

Q: Contrast English with One Other Language with Respect to Two Particular Points of Grammar or Vocabulary. with Reference to That Point of Grammar/Vocabulary, State How Native Speakers of These Languages Would Be

Q: Contrast English with one other language with respect to TWO particular points of grammar or vocabulary. With reference to that point of grammar/vocabulary, state how native speakers of these languages would be predicted to differ in their thinking or perception if we accept the linguistic relativity hypothesis. How might you test this prediction experimentally? This essay will discuss the linguistic relativity hypothesis contrasting the English language with the most common Chinese dialect, Mandarin.The question of whether or not the language we speak shapes how we view the world has interested the fields of anthropology, psychology and linguistics for many years. Using two aspects of vocabulary, which I have chosen to be that of ‘space’ and ‘time’, I will attempt to predict how native Mandarin and English speakers may differ in their conceptions of the sequential order of time. Following these predictions I will outline a proposed method as to test the predictions experimentally. A definition and brief history of how the linguistic relativity hypothesis developed into what it is today is the necessary starting platform for this essay.Today and indeed spanning back through this century, Benjamin Lee Whorf is most commonly associated with the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. (Slobin, 1996, p. 70). However it is due to the arguments and advancing hypotheses of Hamann, Herder, Humboldt, Boas and Sapir that brought about today’s view of linguistic relativism (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996, p. 2). Hamann was the first German philosopher to bring light and discussion to the relationship of language and cognitive thinking. In 1762 Hamann recorded many ideas with attribute to linguistic relativism in his work ‘Kreuzzuge des Philologen’.Here Hamann states how â€Å"Language did not originate from thought, but its origin had been prior to thought, for thought presupposes a language in which it might manifest itself† (Beek, 2005, p. 7). Herder was Hamann’s student and it is visible in his work that he was influenced by the teachings of Hamann. The progression of this discussion began as Herder believed that language was a result of psychological, historical and natural forces, (McAfee, 2004, p. 28), and had no divine origin as thought by Hamann. Whorf also shared this belief among others with Herder. Whorf put such eliefs into his studies, the prevalent shared theory being that â€Å"external features of a particular language could provide clues to its inner character† (McAfee, 2004, p. 28). The 19th century paved way for the German philosopher and language theorist, Humboldt. Whorf drew many of his theories from those of Humboldt’s. Humboldt strongly believed that language and thought were one and that with the absence of language, cognition could not be articulated clearly, (McAfee 2004, p. 28). Humboldt is the first mentioned in this essay to seek a substantial amount of evidence in order to prove or further predict his thoughts on linguistic relativity.Due to lack of concrete information present in the linguistic comparative research field, Humboldt backed up his claims by using evidence from non-western languages (Beek 2005, p. 8). One of his studies examined the different amount of words for the animal ‘elephant’, in the English and Sanskrit languages. He found that in comparison to the English word ‘elephant’ which carries only one meaning, there were several words for elephant in the Sanskrit language denoting many meanings. His concluding thoughts on this were that because of the differences in their vocabulary, the English and the Sanskrit would perceive the animal differently.This led Humboldt to further believe that each culture had its own world view, a theory known and adapted by Whorf as ‘Weltanschauung’ (McAfee, 2004, p. 29) Humboldt’s theory ‘Weltanschauung’ was brought to Ame rica by the founder of the American School of Anthropology, Boas. This was due to the fact that Boas shared Humboldt’s view that each culture had a distinct identity and could only be fully understood through the study of its history, society, traditions and of course language (McAfee, 2004, p. 9). Boas, teacher of Sapir (Sapir, teacher of Whorf), was credited by Whorf with his theory that different exotic cultures exemplify different methods of thinking. It was Sapir that introduced Whorf to the claims made by his teacher, Boas. Whorf took this theory and altered it, stating that unlike Boas, he felt that it was linguistic structures rather than conceptual differences that led to different world views of different cultures (McAfee 2004, p. 29).Sapir argues that through his article entitled â€Å"The status of linguistics as a science† it is the language of a society that shapes the world we live in. Sapir blatantly states that human beings are â€Å"at the mercy† of the language they speak. Whorf, learning and drawing from each of his predecessors gave meaning to his hypothesis of linguistic relativity where he believes that it is the different grammars of languages that lead to different types of observations and evaluations of â€Å"externally different facts of observation† (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996, p. 6).Therefor it can clearly be seen that although the linguistic relativity hypothesis has come to being more commonly known as the ‘Whorfian Hypothesis’, it is not only Whorf who should be accredited with the hypothesis, but all minds that lead to the final wordings of Whorf. However, in today’s society and with the advancement of cognitive science, Whorf’s claims cannot stand alone. His view has been dissipated. Now leading the research are Lera Boroditsky, John A. Lucy and Stephen C. Levinson. These linguists are concerned with answering the question â€Å"Does language shape thought? , and relying m ore on evidence than thoughts and theories. This essay will conform to the modern resurgence of the question â€Å"Does language shape thought? † Different languages have different vocabularies. Do people of different languages view the world differently because of their respective vocabularies? More specifically, does the differing vocabulary associated with space and time associated with different languages affect the speaker’s cognitive conceptions of the sequential order of time? Of course, many aspects of time are common to all languages and therefor cultures.For example, yesterday is in the past and tomorrow is in the future. Indeed these concepts are universal across all languages. However, what is not universally accepted by all languages regarding the above statement is the sequential order of yesterday and tomorrow. For native English speakers, tomorrow would be thought to be in front of you, forward. Yesterday would be thought to be behind you, backwards. Th is is due to the use of the English language’s spatial terms representing time. ‘In front’ and ‘behind’ are spatial terms that shape the thoughts of English people’s perception of time.This statement is meaningless without the comparison of another language with different conceptions of special awareness involving time. Mandarin. Mandarin also uses the spatial terms ‘in front’ (‘qian’) and ‘behind’ (‘Beihou’) when talking about time. However, unlike the English language, Mandarin uses vertical spatial morphemes to talk about the order of events, for example, tomorrow, yesterday, next month, last year etc. Boroditsky (2011, p. 1305-1328) Events that are yet to happen i. e. in the future are thought to be ‘up’ (‘shang’) and events in that have already happened i. . past events are thought to be ‘down’ (‘xia’) (Boroditsky et al, 2010, p. 1). Th ere are some minor cases where English speakers do refer to time using vertical spatial terms, e. g. â€Å"Things will be better down the line. † However it has been proven that Mandarin speakers think about time vertically more frequently than English speakers do (Boroditsky et al, 2010, p. 2). An experiment to verify this can be seen through Chan and Bergen’s workings, â€Å"Writing direction in? uences spatial cognition. Where a group of native English and Mandarin speakers were asked to spatially arrange temporal sequences shown to them in pictures, 30% of the time Mandarin speakers arranged the pictures vertically as opposed to the English speakers who didn’t arrange them vertically once. There are in fact many experiments to test the linguistic relativity hypotheses, regarding whether English and Mandarin speakers differ in their thinking and perception of time using spatial metaphors. The leader in this current field of research is the aforementioned Ler a Boroditsky. Boroditsky has carried out many studies on this specific topic. Does Language Shape Thought? : Mandarin and English Speakers’ Conceptions of Time† published in 2001, Boroditsky deliberates the question, ‘Is processing altered in the long term by the use of metaphors†. In 2008, Boroditsky revisited the topic, carrying out further experiments concluding the Mandarin speakers are more inclined to arrange time vertically. The paper was titled â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think differently about time? † Boroditsky’s latest research and publishing’s, entitled â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? has concluding experiments that claim to the affirmative of the relative linguistic hypothesis. Boroditsky’s previous workings did not consider the importance of the pairing of primes and targets. In her most recent studies it shows that disregarding these aspects will lead to further inte rference and instability. There are numerous methods of predicting if English and Mandarin speakers conceive different conceptions of the sequential order of time. Firstly, each race must be tested in their own language. Testing Mandarin speakers through English or vice versa introduces unnecessary variables into the experiment.If Mandarin speakers were to be tested through English it would inevitably test if Mandarin speakers think differently when they speak English. The question of whether they think differently to English speakers would not be properly examined and answered, as they would be thinking habitually but rather how their newly acquired language has influenced them to speak (assuming the legitimacy of the Relative Linguistic Hypothesis. ) The test would separate a group of native English and Mandarin speakers into their native languages. Each participant is given 3 magnets with pictures on them.One magnet depicts a picture of a sitting high up on a tree. The next pictu re sees the boy falling off of the tree. The final picture comprises of the boy on the ground crying. Each participant is then asked in their native language to stick their magnets, in order of events onto a magnetic board secured onto a wall. Presumably, assuming that Mandarin speakers construct time on a vertical axis, their pictures would be placed vertically. With the first picture placed at the bottom of the vertical line and the final picture at the top of the vertical line.In comparison it would be assumed that English speakers would place the pictures horizontally from left to right in starting order. The evidence from this experiment, would suggest that due to the different alignments of the pictures, Mandarin speakers do think differently to English speakers regarding the sequential order of time. With the available evidence from Lera Boroditsky’s 2010 publication, â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? † There proves to be many plausible, evidence based methods for testing the question do English and Mandarin speakers think differently?Boroditsky’s most recent experiments takes 181 people, 118 were native English speakers and 63 were native Mandarin speakers whom also spoke English. The procedure involved projections of Woodey Allen’s face on a screen. There were two pictures, the first was shown on a fixed point on the screen for 2 seconds and the second was then shown in the same position. The second picture stayed there until the participants answered the question. The question posed to them was whether the second picture of Woody Allen was taken at an earlier or later stage in his life than the first.To answer the question the participants had to press a key on a keyboard, one labelled earlier and one labelled later. The position of the keys were arranged into four groups. The first group, tested on 51 native English speakers and 26 Mandarin speakers, had their keyboards lying flat on the table top. The keys were on the horizontal axis, the left key labelled earlier and the right key labelled later in the first group. The left key labelled later and the right key labelled earlier in the second group.For the remainder of participants, 67 native English speakers and 37 Mandarin speakers, their keyboards were positioned vertically to the table top. The keys were respectively arranged in a vertical order. The bottom key labelled earlier and the top key labelled later in the first group. The bottom key labelled later and the top key labelled earlier in the second group. The reasoning behind this experiment was that assuming people habitually represent time on a horizontal or vertical axis, asking them to view the axis in an incongruent order to their automatic reasoning, should cause an interference.The results coincided with this reasoning. As discussed previously, both Mandarin and English speakers use horizontal spatial terms to represent time and both groups showed a canonicality effect on the horizontal axis. However as proven, Mandarin speakers think of time more frequently on the vertical axis than English speakers do. Only Mandarin speakers responded faster when the earlier key was placed on top in the vertical axis on the keyboard. This study clearly suggests that Mandarin speakers do think about the sequential order of time differently to English speakers.Mandarin speakers make explicit use of the vertical axis regarding time more often than English speakers. With reference to the question posed by the linguistic relativity hypothesis, â€Å"Does language shape thought? † the prediction of whether English and Mandarin speakers view the sequence of time differently was affirmed. Through the discussion of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis it became clear that the origins and developments of the hypothesis were needed in order to establish the exact question that was being asked in this essay.The question was then specified to refe r to two different languages, which were as mentioned, Mandarin and English. The thought questioned was that of time. The vocabulary dealt with was ‘space’ and ‘time’ and how they combine to comprise of different thoughts to the speakers of the languages. The conclusion and answer to the central question of this essay was yes, English speakers and Mandarin speakers do think differently. Mandarin speakers are much more likely to think about time on a vertical axis while English speakers think about time on a horizontal plane.The question â€Å"Does language shape thought? † has been a topic that has spanned the centuries and perplexed anthropologists, linguists and psychologists. It seems this question has enlightened people over the centuries too, and the thought of language affecting cognition has been a desired theory. Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne is known to have said â€Å"to have a second language, is to have a second soul. † Reference s Beek, W. 2005. Linguistic Relativism, Variants and Misconceptions. Boroditsky, L. & Fuhrman, O. et al. 2010.Do English and Mandarin Speakers think about time differently? CA: Elsevier B. V. Boroditsky, l. & Chen, E. 2011. How Linguistic and Cultural Forces Shape Conceptions of Time: English and Mandarin Time in 3D. Cognitive Science Society, Inc. Gumperz, J. J. & Levinson, C. S. 1996. Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. New York: Cambridge University Press. McAfee, C. 2004. The Linguistic Relativity Theory and Benjamin Lee Whorf. The McMaster Journal of Communication. Volume 1, Issue 1. Slobin, I. D. 1996. From â€Å"Thought and Language† to â€Å"Thinking for Speaking†. Cambridge University Press.

Free Essays on Infinitude And Emotional Recursion In Modernist Poetry

Oftentimes, authors use their writing as a means to express their ideas and theories on life. It can also be a means for them to define their existence or the world on a greater scale. Through reading many different modernist pieces, I have found an explanation of my own for existence or life. Upon reading these ideas in this paper, they may not seem to be so concrete as to define the ever present â€Å"why† that almost everyone in the world asks. Rather, it is a means to an end. The end may never be so easily defined and will certainly not be the same for every person. In the book Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, readers are introduced to many ideas on life, the world, religion, America and other topics in the poem called Song of Myself. More specifically readers see Whitman’s views of himself as he relates to these topics. Whitman tries to show that he is more that just the sum of his parts or just what may be perceived as his physical person. He is everything the world around him is, and the world around him is everything he is. Section twenty-four of Song of Myself is a good example of this particular idea. Whitman opens this section by writing â€Å"Walt Whitman, a kosmos, of Manhattan the son,† (Whitman 41). This statement of size and being shows that Whitman perceives himself to be a grand conglomeration of many elements just as a cosmos is many galaxies and stars. To be a cosmos would mean to contain everything in the perceivable universe. However, Whitman also states in the same line that he is a son of Manhattan, or a creation of the many elements within this city. Such a being would be made of the entirety of all the people in the city, including all of their emotions and perceptions, and still be part of the more encompassing universe. This idea that Whitman is made of all the world around him yet is still part of a smaller more finite world shows his idea of infinite existence and complementation. To be... Free Essays on Infinitude And Emotional Recursion In Modernist Poetry Free Essays on Infinitude And Emotional Recursion In Modernist Poetry Oftentimes, authors use their writing as a means to express their ideas and theories on life. It can also be a means for them to define their existence or the world on a greater scale. Through reading many different modernist pieces, I have found an explanation of my own for existence or life. Upon reading these ideas in this paper, they may not seem to be so concrete as to define the ever present â€Å"why† that almost everyone in the world asks. Rather, it is a means to an end. The end may never be so easily defined and will certainly not be the same for every person. In the book Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, readers are introduced to many ideas on life, the world, religion, America and other topics in the poem called Song of Myself. More specifically readers see Whitman’s views of himself as he relates to these topics. Whitman tries to show that he is more that just the sum of his parts or just what may be perceived as his physical person. He is everything the world around him is, and the world around him is everything he is. Section twenty-four of Song of Myself is a good example of this particular idea. Whitman opens this section by writing â€Å"Walt Whitman, a kosmos, of Manhattan the son,† (Whitman 41). This statement of size and being shows that Whitman perceives himself to be a grand conglomeration of many elements just as a cosmos is many galaxies and stars. To be a cosmos would mean to contain everything in the perceivable universe. However, Whitman also states in the same line that he is a son of Manhattan, or a creation of the many elements within this city. Such a being would be made of the entirety of all the people in the city, including all of their emotions and perceptions, and still be part of the more encompassing universe. This idea that Whitman is made of all the world around him yet is still part of a smaller more finite world shows his idea of infinite existence and complementation. To be...

8 Suffixes for Collateral Adjectives

8 Suffixes for Collateral Adjectives 8 Suffixes for Collateral Adjectives 8 Suffixes for Collateral Adjectives By Mark Nichol The English language is remarkably adaptable, but one idiosyncrasy of this flexibility in particular creates complications for writers and speakers: collateral adjectives, those not based on and therefore not resembling their associated nouns. English has several forms, including the related suffixes -like and -ly, to signal an adjective’s relationship to a noun, but more elegant solutions often exist. Unfortunately, it’s not easy to conjure these adjectives, because they’re often borrowed from different languages than those from which their equivalent nouns were taken. If you want to explain that someone or something resembles an animal, or you want to describe behavior reminiscent of a certain animal’s, you can say or write, â€Å"He had a foxlike expression† or â€Å"It’s usually considered a womanly quality.† But for just about any animal, if you want to refer to its qualities in comparison or metaphorically, there’s a Latin root and the suffix -ine (more on this post), and the same or similar appendages serve to help you refer to other aspects: â€Å"He had a vulpine expression† or â€Å"It’s usually considered a feminine quality.† Meanwhile, fatherly, motherly, brotherly, and sisterly are all well and good, but paternal, maternal, fraternal, and sororal are all available alternatives. Here are seven suffixes commonly appended to foreign roots to form collateral adjectives, with sample adjectives and their associated nouns: -al Cerebral: brain Corporal (or carnal or physical): body Diurnal: day Dorsal (or lumbar): back Natal: birth -ar Insular: island Lunar: moon Ocular (or optic): eye Specular: mirror Vascular: blood -ary Culinary: cooking Epistolary: letter (correspondence) Maxillary: jaw Tintinnabulary: bell Tutelary: guardian -ial Aerial (or aeronautic): air Commercial: business Filial: child Initial: beginning Tonsorial: hair, barber -ic Acoustic (or sonic): sound Bucolic (or rural or rustic): countryside Civic (or metropolitan or urban): city Forensic: court Numismatic: coin -ile Infantile: baby, immaturity Juvenile (or puerile): child, youth Mobile: movement Tactile (or haptic): touch Virile: man -ine Divine: god, deity Lacustrine: lake Marine (or maritime or pelagic): ocean (or, pertaining only to marine, ship) Masculine: man Vespertine: evening -ous Amorous: love Aqueous: water Ferrous: iron Fulmineous: thunder Vitreous: glass Collateral adjectives are often the preferred choice over adjectives directly derived from a noun (for example, daily from day) only in formal, ironic, or humorously pedantic usage, but they are helpful because superficially synonymic adjectives may have different senses (for example, daily and diurnal have different meanings). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling15 Great Word GamesCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Patient Autonomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Patient Autonomy - Essay Example It is not mere desiring but evaluation and weighing of alternatives by a person and selection based on her priorities. There are many ways we can discuss patient's autonomy. Discussion on medical confidentially usually focus on tension between physician's responsibility to keep patients secret and a physician 's legal and moral duty, on occasion, to reveal such confidences to their parties, such as families, employer, public health authorities, or police authorities. Confidentially serves as dual purpose. Firstly, it acknowledges respect of patient's privacy. Patient's most personal physical and psychological secrets are kept confidential to decrease sense of shame and vulnerability. Secondly, it is important in improving healthcare. Promise of confidentially permits people to trust and thus patient are encouraged to communicate honestly and forth rightly with their doctors, which is most important for their treatment. According to Siegler (597) challenges to confidentially arise because of patient's personal interest in maintaing confidentially come into conflict with his personal interest in receiving best health care. Modern high technology health care is available principally in hospitals which require many trained and socialized workers. And thus in order to provide best health care patient's medical records need to reveal to these workers. Again these treatments are very costly and can be afforded by few patients only. So it becomes essential to grant access to patients medical records to persons who are responsible for obtaining third party payment like chart viewers, financial officers, insurances advisor and quality care assessors. Siegler suggests some possible solutions to confidentiality. Those are: 1. In all nonbureaucratic, noninstitutional counters care should be taken to guaranty safety and confidentiality of patient's records. 2. Access to patient's records should be provided to only "need to know" persons. At some point most of patients should be given opportunity to review their medical records and make choices about which records to make available to everyone. This can be done by dividing entire records in different sections like medical and financial section. So only health professionals have access to medical information. But again keeping all records different leads to complexity in analyzing patient's problems. Thus Author want to tell that principle of medical confidentiality described in medical codes of ethics no longer exists. And by devoting attention to determine aspects of confidentiality worth retaining, public and profession can be better served. Truth- telling Should patients know the truth Is a very difficulty question that confront physician. According to Collins (605) telling the whole truth is often to perpetrate a cruelty of which many are incapable. This is particularly true of physician and if not they soon learns that art of medicine consist largely in skillfully mixing falsehood, and truth in order to provide patient with an amalgam which will make the metal of life wear and keep men from being poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, unpleasing to themselves and to those who love them. Based on experiences Collins (609) conclude that the patients do not want to know the truth about their maladies and that it is prejudicial to their well being to know it. No one can

Hong Kong Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hong Kong Market - Essay Example The paper tells that market research is understood to be a scientific process concerned with gathering and processing critical information, which can be used in marketing management decisions. Due to this, marketing research is considered a critical part of a marketing intelligence system that in most cases functions to improve management decisions using timely, relevant, and accurate information. Marketing research has become popular in many organizations due to perceived benefits the process is seen to generate. For instance, smart organizations have been able to achieve and sustain their competitive advantage by using market information in the most creative manner. Moreover, organizations that adequately satisfy the needs of their consumers have done so by intelligently and creatively using appropriate market research information. Therefore, at this point it can be stated that market research is critical in the modern world especially in the age of globalization and increased cons umerism. Consumers in Hong Kong, just like consumers in other societies are likely to exhibit varied behaviors with regard to consumption. Although consumption is an aspect that is synonymous with all societies, numerous evidences have shown that societies across cultures differ in terms of consumption behavior, consumption pattern, and the overall consumption culture. This is to say, consumption behaviors exhibited by consumers in Hong Kong are likely to differ to behaviors exhibited by consumers in other regions. ... erous evidences have shown that societies across cultures differ in terms of consumption behavior, consumption pattern, and the overall consumption culture (Hoyer and Macinnis, 2009). This is to say, consumption behaviors exhibited by consumers in Hong Kong are likely to differ to behaviors exhibited by consumers in other regions. Therefore, the discovery makes it virtually impossible to generalize consumer behavior across cultures. As a result, introducing a new flavor of soft drink in Hong Kong market will require the company to undertake a detailed market research that aims to identify specific consumer behaviors that are likely to influence or impact the marketing process. Accurate intelligence information about how consumers in Hong Kong consumer products in terms of beliefs, values, demographic factors, socio-economic aspects, cultural issues, lifestyles, and many more (Hoyer and Macinnis 2009). This is critically important since such information will help the management team o f the company to initiate appropriate strategies of marketing for the new product to succeed in the new market. Marketing Research Design In order to successfully carry out market research, the researchers have to develop and implement the most appropriate research design techniques. Consequently, the usefulness of research project is likely to be realized when there is evidence of quality of research design, coupled with appropriate data collection and analysis process based on the design. Research design in marketing research involves identifying the best research methods that are appropriate in obtaining the required data (Churchill and Lacobucci, 2009). As a result, validity and reliability of data to be collected, which is critical in research process depends a lot on the type of