Should GMO foods be banned in the United States Essay

Should GMO foods be banned in the United States - Essay Example As a result, various research studies try to convince us concerning the truth about the GMO foods from these two perspectives. Regarding this point, the idea about GMO foods could hardly become an exact science. This thought convinces me to go with the idea that GMO foods should be banned in the United States, for as long as there is still no clear point of truth concerning its safety, and for as long as there are prevailing studies trying to convince us of its associated potential health hazards. To illustrate the above point further, the analogy of testing the depth and safety of an ocean is appropriate. One may not automatically take the plunge into it knowing that there are primary or some major considerations that have to be taken into account. Aside from testing its depth, one major concern is its safety. Would it be safer to take the plunge knowing the idea that there might be some creepy creatures down there prowling for their prey? With its deep blue color, nothing from the deeper portion could be vividly observed from the surface, but whatever is down there will have the great chance to see anything coming into their sight. We always have fear of the unknown. Let us consider if this fear of the unknown we have right now for GMO foods is justifiable. ... In some certain level, they both might have all the points. However, this continuous inquiry and investigation is a fundamental way for us to know further down to the truth. The ongoing contradiction against GMO foods is a healthy process towards understanding a far deeper truth about them. Thus, for the mean time that everything might turn out as not an exact science concerning the GMO foods, it is better not to acquire it for commercial use in the United States. The relevant findings for now might just add up to the level of fear we have for the unknown concerning GMO foods. Let us take the case of an alarming pesticide residue in a growing number of products. This was very alarming in the area of US agriculture. According to Chavez, â€Å"We have known for many years that pesticides used in agriculture pollute the air, earth and water, contaminate animals and humans, and are found in the tissue of new born infants and mothers’ milk† (McKibben 691). Some genetically m odified foods contain genetic materials from natural organisms like in the case of BT corn to contain a natural pesticide that would not create any harm to the environment. In fact, aside from the point of gaining higher yield, this was the sophisticated approach to minimize the detrimental impact of chemicals to the ecological balance by deliberately using commercial pesticides. Monarch butterfly and BT corn controversy marked a significant point prior to the level of acceptance we have for GMO foods today. In an experiment, it was found that Monarch butterflies feeding on the pollen of BT corn were found to have high mortality rate. BT corn is a transgenic crop, by which a genetic code of an organism that could kill pest was inserted to the corn’s DNA

Use of Measurement Essay Example for Free

Use of Measurement Essay A measurement is a way of obtaining data that are used in researches and data analysis. Measurement is regarded to be an estimate most of the time. The reason behind the idea is that precision in measuring a certain object during a time interval is not as good as the measurement taken after the said time interval or for another time interval. Researchers, experimenters and even nonprofessional persons all have the same goal; to make good estimates of the object they are measuring (Hoult, 2009). In physics, one does not only measure an object as it is. The person measuring the object needs to put in his mind the right unit of measure should he or she use. An example is a bucket. A bucket has different attributes that can be measured. Some of these attribute are the weight, mass, volume, area (surface area), density, length, etc. This attributes can be measured but there are many units of measure involve in each of the attributes. Standard units of measure are developed so that the confusion between what unit of measure to be used is resolved (Jones, 1998). The following are the standard unit of measure for a certain attribute: Weight – Kilograms Mass – Kilograms Volume – Liters Area – square meters Length – meters As said above, measurement is a way of obtaining data. One cannot obtain the right data without the right tool to be used. As with measurement, a right measurement instrument must be used in order to get the right data and in order to estimate with precision and accuracy the object that you want to measure. The following attributes that are stated can be measured with the use of the right measuring instrument. For clarification, weight is not the same as mass. Weight is the amount of mass that is present when it is suspended in a spring scale when acted upon by the earth’s gravity. On the other hand, mass is the amount of matter present in an object. Weight is measured with the use of spring scale or a weighing scale. The value of the weight in the earth can be the same as the value of the mass. But once the force acting on the object changes the value of the weight will change and the mass will stay the same. Generally, masses like mass of a person can be obtained by the use of the same instrument used in measuring weight in earth. Volume can be measured by the use of some known instruments like measuring cup for liquid, pipette for liquid, graduated cylinder (for liquid and solid) and pneumatic trough for gases. Area is measured by the use of a planimeter. Length is usually measured by the use of instruments like ruler, tape measure, meter stick, yard stick etc (Fuchs, 1996). The attributes being measured is deeply related to the unit of measure being used. First, the attributes maybe too large or too small for unit of measure, in that case there are other units of measure given. The hierarchies of units are given in a unit system. There are two unit systems that are popular today. The SI system and the English system give a complete list of all the unit of measures according to the quantity (Abbot, 2003). Some of the attributes of the bucket can only be obtained by the use of measuring devices. Other attributes, however, can be obtained with the use of some formulas. For example: Volume and area can be obtained by formulas like V = 1/2? r2h, and A = 2? rh + ? r2. The formula for the volume is obtained by the use of the formula for the volume of a cylinder. Bucket is usually cylindrical in shape. The formula for the area is obtained by using the formula of the surface area of an open cylinder. Other formulas can be obtained for the attributes of the bucket. Another example is the density of the bucket. In general, the density is equal to the mass divided by the volume of the bucket. Since mass can be obtained with the use of a measuring device and volume can be obtained with the use of the given formula then one can solve for the density of the bucket with the general formula (Manura, 2005). Another concept that should be discussed is approximation and estimation. As said earlier, measurements are always an estimate. Approximation and estimation are very important concepts regarding measurements because they will be the basis of the accuracy and precision of a measurement. One does not get accurate and precise results all the time with the use of measuring devices. There might be errors that can come up from time to time. To properly record results obtained using measuring devices, one must take note of the errors in measurements and put it in the resulting measure to obtain a more precise and accurate result. Results should be written in the form: result + uncertainty. For example, if a buckets height according to a 9 different rulers is 20 centimeters. And another reading from a different ruler is 20. 3 centimeters. Then the resulting measurement should be 20 Â ± 0. 3 centimeters (Hoult, 2009). References Abbot, D. (2003). Assessing Student Understanding of Measurement and Uncertainty. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. compadre. org/precollege/items/detail. cfm? ID=4417 Fuchs, H. (1996). The Dynamics of Heat. New York: Springer Hoult, D. (2009). Measurements. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. saburchill. com/physics/chapters/0065. html Jones, N. (1998). Units of Measurement. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://www. sli. unimelb. edu. au/planesurvey/prot/formulae/unit1. html Manura, D. (2005). Areas, Volumes, Surface Areas. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://math2. org/math/geometry/areasvols. htm

Object Relations Theories: Klein and Winnicot.

Object Relations Theories: Klein and Winnicot. A Critical Evaluation of the Object Relations Theories of Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott. Klein describes conflicting forces within the psyche, detailing how they interact with equally conflicting external forces, producing a mental structure understood in terms of relationships. The central elements of her theory are the â€Å"death instinct† and the â€Å"paranoid skitzoid position†, in which part objects are created by splitting. Along with the â€Å"depressive position† which arises upon the child realising those part objects are actually whole objects, (Frosh, 1987). In the depressive position guilt makes its appearance, as the childs realizes that the object of its envious attacks is also the object that it loves (Segal 1992). Along with guilt the child feels gratitude towards the mother and thus the desire for reparation arises. It is this conflict between love and hate, torn by conflicting desires for the caring preservation of others against the malicious destruction of others that Klein saw as being central to the human experience (Greenberg, 1983). I am speaking of an innate conflict between love and hate, I am implying that the capacity both for love and destructive impulses is, to some extent, constitutional, although varying individually in strength and interacting from the beginning with external conditions. (Klein, 1957, p180(Frosh, 1987)) Winnicott did not produce a coherent theoretical structure he did evolve ideas which have stood the test of time (Gomez, 1988). His ideas being centred around dependence conflicting with the stages of â€Å"absolute, relative and toward† independence (Jacobs, 1995). With children beginning life in â€Å"absolute dependence†, and the mother in a state of â€Å"primary maternal pre-occupation† (Winnicott, 1965) by helping to contain the childs primitive agonies (Jacobs, 1995)providing a ‘holding enviroment for the infants sense of ‘omnipotent phantasy'(Stevens, 1996). Potential Space Transitional Objects This provides a sense of trust and goodness in the world leading to the â€Å"capacity to be alone† and â€Å"play†. (Stevens, 1996). Within the realms of â€Å"potential space†, facilitated by â€Å"transitional objects† Winnicott proposed mismanagement of impingements encourages development of a false self covering and distorting the childs true self (Jacobs, 1995). KLEIN MAIN BODY DEATH INSTINCT 94 Klein considered the death instinct is the central source of disturbances in a childs experiences (Frosh, 1987) Klein argued that early channelling of the death instinct must take place for the infant to survive (Greenberg, 1983), proposing that even in good nurturing environment children still experience fears and anxieties creating aggressive and destructive emotions (Frosh, 1987). Winnicott doubted Kleins retention of Freuds death instincts (Winnicott, 1965), considering the concepts to be superfluous rather than wrong (Gomez, 1988). And Kernberg (1969) proposed the death instinct could be dropped without damaging her other presentations due to the â€Å"total lack of clinical evidence† supporting an innate death instinct (Segal, 1992). PHANTASY 106 Klein thought the death instinct taints childrens phantasys (Frosh, 1987), with sensations being interpritated as unconscious phantasys based on innate knowledge and experience (Hinshelwood, 1991). Unconscious phantasy differs from Fantasy, being a vaguer, primitive composition of images and sensations at a pre-linguistic stage, taking place on an unconscious level (Hough, p88). Klein proposed children view the external world through phantasies, not perceiving things as they are (Segal, 1992), and observed childrens lives to be dominated by unconscious and sometimes conscious phantasies about parental sexuality (Segal, 1981). Unconscious phantasies underlie every mental process and accompany all mental activity. They are mental representations of those somatic events in the body which comprise the instincts, and are physical sensations interoperated as relationships with objects that cause those sensations. A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991) Guntrip (1971) accused Klein of depicting the objects of human passion as phantasmagoric, without real connection to other people, counterclaiming this argument is Kleins frequently mentioning the importance of real others (Greenberg, 1983). SPLITTING 84 words When fantasies and perceptions are kept apart infants split both the object and themselves (Segal, 1992), this splitting is a defence manoeuvre arising from projective and introjective defence mechanisms (Frosh, 1987). Seeking to disown and distance either projection created anxiety inducing objects or hostile elements the mind often resorts to this disasociative psychic process (Likerman, p88). Klein viewed the mind as inherently split, unlike others who propose the minds initial unity which becomes divided by experiences (Frosh, 1987), extreme splitting can become a threat at times due to its terrifyingly persecuting nature (Segal, 1992). PART OBJECTS 99 words Splitting creates part objects which are considered to be modes of relating rather than the building blocks of phantasy. (Gomez, 1988). Klein considered the original part object to be the mothers breast (Hinshelwood, 1991) It may seem curious that the tiny childs interest should be limited to a part of a person rather than the whole, but one must bear in mind first of all that the child has an extremely underdeveloped capacity for perception, physical and mental, and then.. the child is only concerned with his immediate gratifications. (Klein 1936, p290) (Hinshelwood, 1991) Needing to make sense of the chaos of the world a child makes the division between good and bad, with both categories kept far apart as Klein belived that it was more important to achive some order than to assimilate an accurate interpretation of reality (Gomez, 1988). Astor (1989) challenged this based on observations, claiming the breast is initially whole, later becoming part of the whole body before becoming a combined object (Jacobs, 1995). PARANOID SKITZOID POSITION Klein proposed the paranoid skitzoid position as the first organization of experience in everyones early years, being maintained episodically throughout life. She considered a clear distinction between bad and good objects important, being maintained with the both extremes polarized in emotional tone and conceptual organization (Black, p91-3). As regards splitting of the object, we have to remember that in states of gratification love feelings turn towards the gratifying breast, while in states of frustration hatred and persecutory anxiety attach themselves to the frustrating breast. This twofold relation, implying a division between love and hatred in relation to the object, can only be maintained by splitting the breast into its good and bad aspects. With the splitting of the object, idealization is bound up, for the good aspects of the breast are exaggerated as a safeguard against the fear of the persecuting breast. Paranoia is the persecutory fear of invasive external melevolance, and skitzoid refers to the splitting of good and bad. It is considered a position being a fundamental way of formulating experience, enabling individuals to relate to others from the different perspectives of oneself, rather than being a passing phase (Black, p91-3). PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION 98 Projective identifcation describes extensions of splitting in which parts of the ego are separated from the self and projected into objects (Greenberg, 1983). By putting bad qualities into another, the other is considered to possess the bad qualities which they cannot stand in themselves. A â€Å"phantasy remote from consciousness† that entails a belief in certain aspects of the self being located elsewhere. A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991) Being a very deep split creates amplified perceptions of people and emotions as they cannot be regulated by their opposites. (Segal, 1992). Ogden (1979) proposed projective identification to be a threefold process, firstly ridding oneself of internally attacking objects, then projecting fantasy into recipient through interactions with the recipient finally experiencing themselves as they are pictured in the projection (Fineill, 1985). CONTAINMENT 61 Klein derived containment from projective identification, where one person in a sense contains part of another, when a child splits off their fears and contains them in an object. Klein proposed that if these split fears are allowed to repose in the mother for long enough then they can be modified and safely reintrojected, considering this the beginning of mental stability (Hinshelwood, 1991). WHOLE OBJECTS 95 When ‘good and ‘bad part objects are realized as individual objects they are considered whole objects. As whole objects are realized the child begins to understand that others have mixed feelings and emotions, and also begins to perceive that others can suffer, resulting in the child no longer defining others by its own needs and feelings (Hinshelwood, 1991). Appreciating the mother as an individual and seeing her as an whole object, the mother becomes no longer simply a vechle for drive gratification, but instead an â€Å"other† with whom the child is able to maintain a personal relationships (Greenberg, 1983). ENVY 99 Envy is a two person emotion, experienced upon realizing the inability of being as good as the good object. This hatred directed towards good objects, and the childs desire to destroy the source of goodness due to â€Å"envy† of its independence (Greenberg, 1983), This phantasised destruction of the good object terrifies the child because it destroys the possibility of hope (Greenberg, 1983). Being projective, by trying to put badness in to the good object to destroy it (Frosh, p125). It is a destructive attack on the source of life, on the good object, not on the bad object, and it is to be distinguished from ambivalence and from frustration. It is held to be innate in origin as part of the instinctual endowment, and requires the mechanism of splitting as an initial defence operating at the outset. A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought (Hinshelwood, 1991) Winnicott, Bowlby and Fairburn took issue with Kleins perception of children possessing innate feelings of aggression towards the mother (Segal, 1992), considering envy a product of tantalizing mothering (Adams, 1988) DEPRESSIVE POSITION 126 The depressive position is considered a way of dealing with anxiety arising from the death instinct (Segal, 1992), being a combination of phantasies and attitudes begining around three months. This involves intergrating experiences rather than splitting them (Segal, p38), where loving and hateful relations are unified in whole objects (Greenberg, 1983) and the child gives up its omnipotent world perspective (Hinshelwood, 1991). Depressive anxiety is based on the fate of others both internally and externally. Not only being the childs reaction against its own destructiveness, but a genuine expression of love and regret, developing into gratitude for the mothers goodness. Alternitivly Racker claims that both depressive and paranoid skitzoid anxieties are due to childrens intense desire for their mothers love (Greenberg, 1983) and Winnicott preferred the term â€Å"concern† considering the infants protective feelings toward their mothers (Jacobs, 1995). GRATITUDE 22 Klein considered that love and gratitude are innate, with gratifying objects enhancing gratitude and love and frustrating objects provoking paranoia and hate (Hinshelwood, 1991) REPERATION 59 Reperation is considered the strongest element of the creative and constructive urges (Hinshelwood, 1991) It is in the depressive position when Klein proposes that guilt makes its appearance. Klein considered that a childs aggression gave rise to anxiety as it conflicts with the powerful loving impulses, these loving impulses proposed by Klein are often overlooked by those wishing to criticize Klein (Segal, 1992) Winnicott Absolute Dependence 110 Winnicott said:- There is no such thing as a baby If you set out to describe a baby, you will find you are describing a baby and someone. A baby cannot exist alone, but is essentially part of a relationship† (Winnicott, 1947) (Stevens, 1996) During the stage of absolute dependence Winnicott considered the mothers state to be â€Å"Primary Maternal Pre-ocupatoin† a very early sage of emotional development where she feels the baby is a part of herself, leaving the baby with no means of awareness of material provisions (Winnicott, 1965). Thus not differentiating between itself and its environment (Gomez, 1988), the child can only profit or suffer from disturbance being unable to gain control over how things are done. But dispite the infants physical dependence, psychologically it is paradoxically dependant and independent (Winnicott, 1965). Winicott considerd the development of a strong ego to be dependant on the mothers ability to meet the early absolute dependence of the infant (Jacobs, 1995) Primitive agonies Winnicotts primitive agonies are a description of the childs fear of going to pieces and eternally falling, having no relation to the body with no orientation in the world while in complete isolation with no means of communication. These may surface in later life as psychotic or borderline-state anxieties (Gomez, p88-89). He claimed the good enough mother creates a holding enviroment capable of containing these unthinkable anxietys enabling stable ego development (Jacobs, 1995). Holding Impingment Winnicotts reference to holding is both physical holding and the childs enviroment (Winnicott, 1965). Where the mothers creates the space and ability to facilitate the childs creative and imaginative self, while the child forms the object relations that it needs. This is dependant in part on the satisfaction that the mother is able derive from relating to and facilitating her childs internal struggling. (Newman, p789) reducing impingements to a minimum, with favourable conditions the infant is able to establish continuity in its existance The enviroment does not make the child. At best it enables the child to realize potential. (Winnicott, 1965) Impingments break the continuity of the infants existence, and constant impingments disrupt the childs ability to intergrate, encouraging future mental problems (Winnicott, 1965), Impingement anxiety is a product of environmental failure (newman, p790) Winnicott considered Kleins envious baby to be the product of a failed holding enviroment (Adams, 1988). Condidering the child as more benign, victimized product of its enviroment (Greenberg, 1983). In contrast Winnicott, Klein considered the childs internal environment to predominate the childs interactions with the world. False Self In unreceptive enviroments Winnicott argued that children cannot maintain genuine needs and wishes, because the caretakers agenda must be dealt with by the child. Thus the child shapes themselves according to the cartakers vision, compliently creating a false self (Michell, p105), a conscious, compliant version of the self, which under certain conditions hides and protects the ‘true self in the unconscious (Stevens, p312). This is due to the dual malignant introjection firstly of the faulty caretaker who is either too narcacistic or too controlling and secondly the caretakers incapacity to manage the childs resultant reactions to their shortfalls leading to the childs internalization of both the disappointing parent and the parents inability to deal with the dissapointment, this impingment leads to the development of a false self to deal with the anxiety created by this situation (newman, p791) True Self Winnicott considered the separated â€Å"Me† or â€Å"I am† from others is the true self (Jacobs, 1995). If there is sufficient attunement between the child and the mother then the infants ‘true self emerges from activitys in the ‘transitional space (Stevens, 1996). But if a childs bodily functions are managed impersonally or if it is left alone physically or mentally then it may attempt to identify more with the mind than the body, leaving the child perceiving its ‘true self as an ethereal intangible quality. (Gomez, 1988) Potential Space In order to give a place for playing Winnicott proposed a paradoxical dynamic dialectic position known as potential space between the baby and mother. (ogden, 1979) being a hypothetical area which exists (and cannot exist) between mother and child, this potential space varies a great deal according to each childs life experience in relation to their mother figure (Winnicott, 1971) Early life experiences determine each individuals use of this space, where each individual has their most intense experiences. Each infant has favourable or unfavourable experience within this space where dependence is maximal, thus potential space is only in relation to a feeling of confidence relative to the environmental factors, this confidence is evidence of the dependability that has being introjected by the individual. (Winnicott, 1971). Ogden (1979) proposed the each pole of the dialectic relationship within potential space creates, informs and negates the other as the child moves from absolute to relative dependence. Transitional Objects and Phenomina Transitional objects are concerned with the first possession and its relation to the intermediate area between subjective and objective perception of the child (Winnicott, 1971). It is not the object that is transitional, but rather that object is the first manifestation of the infants altering perspective of the world, shifting from a internal psychic reality to the external world. (Cooper, 1989) Unlike the mother the transitional object is neither under internal control, nor is it outside external control (Winnicott, 1971) being the first not me. It stands for the breast and is a symbolic part object (Winnicott, 1951, p231 233) The child cannot live without it. It mustnt be washed or altered, even if it becomes threadbare. The child must be allowed to abandon it in its own time and its own way. It is not mourned; it is left behind, ‘relegated to the limbo of half-forgotten things at the limbo of half forgotten things at the bottom of a chest of drawers, or at the back of a the toy cupboard. (Winnicott, 1971) Brody (1980) claimed transitional objects more comforting substitues for insufficient mothering than a universal phenomenon, citing reduced occurrence in rural areas (Jacobs, 1995). Play 88 Winnicotts concern with play arose from his interest in a childs experience of the ‘transitional object. (Cooper, 1989) Winnicott said â€Å"Play is immensely exciting because of the precariousness of the interplay of personal psychic reality and the experience of control of actual objects† (Cooper, 1989) Playing is the interplay between inter personal psychic reality and the experience of control of actual objects, the precarious nature of playing is due to its existence on the theoretical line between the subjective world and the perceived one (Winnicott, 1971) Winnicott agreed with Klein proposing that certain aspects of childrens play are external projections of their internal experiences with toys becoming subjective objects (Winnicott, 1965) and considered play to be a universal and healthy behaviour (Winnicott, 1971) The Capacity to be Alone 124 Although the infant is alone, the carer is still present in the general environment due to the presence of familiar objects (Winnicott, 1971) The basis of the capacity to be alone is a paradox, it is the experience of being alone while someone else is present. (Cooper, 1989) Winnicott proposed that it is dependent on the presence of a good internal object, for this presence enables a feeling of confidence in the present and future. Considering the capacity to be alone closely related to emotional maturity, its basis is the experience of being alone while in the presence of another, and is a highly sophisticated phenomenon with many contributing factors. (Winnicott, p 1971) Hà ¤mà ¤là ¤inen (1999), proposed that everyone lives in the solitude of subjectivity, considering the capacity to be alone a capacity to tolerate the absence and lack of aloneness along with yearning for closeness, while simaltaniously enjoying the unity and connection of social life. CONCLUSION The lack of critisism for Winnicotts work may be due to the fact that dispite his prolific writing he did not compose a comprihesive theory. (Jacobs, 1995) Kleins perspective is intrapsychic (one person) where as Winnicott is interpersonal (two-person) (Stevens, 305) (RELATES TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL) MASCULINE FEMININE. The premises of Kleins theorys are subjective rather than objective and philosophical rather than scientific (Gomez, p33), Winnicotts writing style is considered to be impressionistic than anylitical and although (Gomez, p86-8). A positive aspect of Kleins theory is achievement of gratitude and love with social relations can be achieved in the face of negative aspects such as envy and greed (Frosh, p127) Some consider Kleins approach to be to deterministic, proposing that she considers that events that happen in later life have a negligible effect on the psychic makeup developed in the childs formative period (Segal, p91). Kleins perspective that it is not only external influences that lead to childhood can be considered a important counterweight to the argument that it is purely the fault of parents when children suffer problems mentally (Segal, p88). Those who are followers of Winnicott consider a child to be a far more benign and victimised creature than Kleinian followers, in Winnicotts book â€Å"The Child the Family and the Outside World† Winnicott expresses strong disagreement with Kleins proposal of a child projecting personal hated and â€Å"bad† aspects onto or into objects, Critics of Klein consider her work to be tangential to Fruedian thinking in a highly speculative and fantastic manor noting that the forceful and certain manor of writing leads to hyperbole and overgeneralization (Greenberg, p120) In defence of Klein it can be argued that those who critize her work do so as they fail to take a close and balanced approach to her work and thus focus exclusively upon aggression with out considering the balancing factors of other motives (Greenberg, p120) It is claimed that the contribution of problematic features of the childs environment such as family and living conditions are not taken into account for their establishment of original bad objects in the psychopathology in individuals and it is claimed that Fairburn and Winnicot were able to explore possibilities of external factors due to their not being encoumbered by attachement to Freuds drive model of the human psyche (Greenberg, p147) REFERENCES Adams, P (1988). Winnicott. London: Penguin Astor, J. (1989). The Breast as Part of the Whole: Theoretical considerations concerning whole and part objects. Journal of Analytical Psychology. 34 (1), 117-128. Ad Black, M,J (1995). Freud and Beyond. New York: Basic Books. Cooper, R (1989). Thresholds Between Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. London: Free Association Books. Fineill, J.S. (1985). Projective Identification and Psychotherapeutic Technique. Thomas H. Ogden. New York: Jason Aronson, 1982, 236 pp.. Psychoanal. Rev., 72:671-673. Frosh, S (1987). The Politics of Psychoanalysis. London: Macmillan Press. Gomez, L (1988). An Introduction to Object Relations. London: Free Association Books. Greenberg J.R Mitchell S.A (1983). Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. London: Harvard University Press. Hà ¤mà ¤là ¤inen, O. (1999). Some considerations on the capacity to be alone. Scand. Psychoanal. Rev., 22:33-47. Hinshelwood, R.D (1991). A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought. Sidmouth: Chase Publishing Services. Hough, M (1998). Conselling Skills and Theory. London: Hodder Stoughton Educational. Jacobs (1995). D.W.Winnicott. London: Sage Publications LTD. Klein, M. (1946). Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 27:99-110. Likierman, M (2001). Melanie Klein: Her Work in Context. London: Continuum. Mitchell, S,A (1988). Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis. London: Harvard University Press. Newman K.M. (1996). Winnicott Goes To The Movies: The False Self In Ordinary People. Psychoanal Q. 65 (1), 787-807. Ogden, T.H. (1979). On Projective Identification. Psycho-Anal. 60 (1), 357-373. Segal, H (1981). Klein. London: Karnac Books. Segal, J (1992). Melanie Klein. London: Sage Publications. Stevens, R (1996). Understanding the Self. London: Sage Publications LTD. Winnicott, D,W (1965). The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Enviroment. London: The Hogarth Press. Winnicott, D,W (1971). Playing and Reality. London and New York: Routledge Classics. BIBLIOGRAPHY Astor, J. (1989). The Breast as Part of the Whole: Theoretical considerations concerning whol J. Anal. Psychol., 34:117-128. Bacal, H.A. (1987). British Object-Relations Theorists and Self Psychology: Some Critical Re Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 68:81-98. Balint, M. (1952). New Beginning and the Paranoid and the Depressive Syndromes. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 33:214-224. Black, M,J. Mitchell S,A. (1995), Freud and Beyond, Basic Books, New York Cooper, R (1989), Thresholds Between Philosophy and Psychoanalysis, Free Association Books, London Frosh, S (1987), The Politics of Psychoanalysis, Macmillan Press, London Hinshelwood, R.D. (1991), A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought, Chase Publishing Services, Sidmouth. Hough, M (1998), Conselling Skills and Theory, Hodder Stoughton Educational, London. Gomez, L (1988), An Introduction to Object Relations, Free Association Books, London. Greenberg J.R Mitchell S.A (1983), Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory, Harvard University Press, London Kernberg International Journal of Psychoanalysis. L, 1969: A Contribution to the Ego-Psychological Critique of the Kleinian School. Otto F. Kernberg. Pp. 317-333. Likierman, M (2001), Melanie Klein: Her Work in Context, Continuum, London Mitchell, S,A (1988), Relational Concepts in Psychoanalysis, Harvard University Press, London Newman K.M. (1996). Winnicott Goes To The Movies: The False Self In Ordinary People. Psychoanal Q., 65:787-807. Segal, H (1981), Klein, Karnac Books, London Segal, J (1992), Melanie Klein, Sage Publications, London Stevens, R (1996), Understanding the Self, Sage Publications LTD, London Winnicott, D,W (1971), Playing and Reality, Routledge Classics, London and New York Winnicott, D,W (1965), The Maturational Process and the Facilitating Enviroment, The Hogarth Press, London. Yorke, C. (1971). Some Suggestions for a Critique of Kleinian Psychology. Psychoanal. St. Child, 26:129-155. REFERENCES Read up 2 p 792 http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=paq.065.0787atype=hitlistnum=1query=zone1%3Darticle%26zone2%3Dparagraphs%26title%3Dfalse%2Bself%2Bwinnicott%26sort%3Dauthor%252Caath_user=laprjgreen3ath_ttok=%3CSxcdiKPuNxKtfCaeBg%3E To Mrs. Klein, aggression inevitably distorts the childs picture of the world, making him feel attacked with hatred whenever he is at all thwarted or deprived. Early environment may do much to increase, or lessen, this sense of persecution; but a bad home does not create it, nor does a good one prevent it from appearing. Balint, M

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Telemachus :: Homer Odyssey Essays

Telemakhos of The Odyssey Telemakhos, Odysseus's son, finally realizes that in order to preserve his estate he must fill in his father's shoes and grow up. Telemakhos not only needs to do this for himself, but for his father who is still alive. Telemakhos became a man his father would be proud of. Twenty years ago Odysseus left for Troy, leaving Telemakhos without a father figure since he was an infant. He grew up a mommy's boy not knowing his role in the kingdom because Odysseus was far away. Telemakhos recognizes that all the men trying to court his mother, Penelope, only want control of his kingdom. Zeus, King of the God's, gives his daughter, Athena permission to encourage Telemakhos to fall into his fathers shoes and become the man he was meant to be. "For my part, I shall visit Ithaka to put more courage in the son, and rouse him."(211 &212) In a way Zeus and Athena are doing what Odysseus could not be there to do. The reader is left to question if Telemakhos needed to be encouraged or would he have grown up on his own? The first sign that Telemakhos is becoming a man is when instead of comforting his mother in her grieving for Odysseus, he scolds her and tells her "Mother, why do you grudge our own dear minstrel joy of song, wherever his thought may lead?" (218) "Odysseus was not the only one at Troy never to know the day of his homecoming. Others, how many others, lost their lives!" (218) Telemakhos then went to his mother's suitors and told them "At daybreak we shall sit down in assembly and I shall tell you---take it as you will---you are to leave this hall." (218) This was very stunning to all the suitors because Telemakhos had no male guidance and they wondered who had invoked him to take back his home and inheritance. The suitors questioned Telemakhos if the God's were "teaching you this high and mighty manner." (218) Telemakhos justified himself by saying "all I insist on is that I rule our house and rule the slaves my father won for me.

Analysis of ‘Drops of Jupiter’ with Thesis

No two journeys are alike, because the knowledge and experiences gained differ for each person. One of the texts I have chosen to study is the song Drops of Jupiter written my Pat Nonhuman, performed by Train. The song is about a dream that the writer had about his mother who had recently passed. The line ‘She's back in the atmosphere' was the first line written, and led to him writing the song as an extended metaphor of his mothers journey in the afterlife, and the return of her spirit to him. The inner journey is his own in the way of his journey to deal with grief.He is challenges the notion that the afterlife is a different adventure with his belief that the passed never truly leave us, and that they remain with us in spirit. The lyrics feature an extended metaphor, where the universe is the afterlife, and he is asking his mother about her visit. The verse ‘Now that she back in the atmosphere, with drops of Jupiter in her hair,' shows the metaphor of his mothers death being a temporary journey to the heavens, and has returned with ‘drops of Jupiter in her hair,' as proof of where she has been. The simile used is also comparing her to the beauty of nature. She acts like summer and walks like rain.. ‘ Since the return of her spirit, he can feel her in the air and the nature. He can sense her everywhere around him. Another technique that Monahan used to express the concept of journey was repetition. The constant repetition of the words ‘Tell me' helps to embed the idea of his mother returning to his life as a spirit, and she is sharing her experiences with him. In the text, it is evident that he is worried his mother has forgotten about him, and moved on. This is expressed using poetic devices in the line ‘I'm afraid she might think of me as plain old Jane,'.Plain old Jane is an idiom which means someone boring and ordinary. He admits his fear of his mother forgetting him. Through the song, he realized that the best thing yo u can do about loss of love is find yourself through it. His personal experience was finding a way to deal with death, and that separates him from others facing similar losses. Through his inner journey of dealing with grief, he has learnt a new perspective on death and the afterlife, which is unique to his voyage of self-discovery. No two journeys are alike, because the knowledge and experiences gained differ for each person.

Makes Me Wanna Holler essays

Makes Me Wanna Holler essays This book is about Nathan's life,and the choices he made.He basically grew up in the 60's and 70's.Where the average black male had few choices for a good future.Nathan grew up being a very angry person inside,because of the way blacks were treated by the white man.He started hanging out with friends,and they formed a gang.They started doing drugs,running trains on girls,and fighting with other gangs. Nathan however,graduated from high school,and he also graduated to armed robbery that landed him in prison.While in prison he became a muslum,and was released early on good behavior.He went to college,and eventually married because of his muslum faith.He finished college,but the marriage didn't last,and he still was re-living his past.Re-married again moved to Atlanta,and still had a lot of anger towards the white man.His wife from his second marriage took him threw a whole lot of changes,but he tried to make it work because they had two kids.Eventually he got his big break,and now he is a best selling writer,and journalist. I think this book is a good read,for anybody who wants to know how it was being black,and growing up in the 60's and 70's.The difficult chalenges,and choices that black's faced.I gave this book an 8,because I grew up in that time and I can relate to a lot of the things that he experienced. ...

Amba week Essay Example

Amba week Essay Example Amba week Essay Amba week Essay Carrys case further details how this organization relied upon feedback from its employees, through surveys and interviews, to develop the new policy change. Since the amendment was imposed job performance and organizational commitment is said to have increased, especially for those employees whom were not regularly taking lunch breaks. This scenario brings to light the specific question of motivation in the work force, and how a company, such as the one mentioned above, can find new ways to motivate their workforce and create increased performance and job commitment. The following report will analyze the impact this specific policy change can have on the overall work environment in the areas of motivation, performance, and com tenement. Scholarly Framework As David Wild (2011) explains in his research brief on the correlation between salary and work place happiness, it is all but a myth that employee satisfaction goes hand in hand with financial compensation. Although individual studies aim to prove that this is true, researchers have done their due diligence in thoroughly assessing the results from 86 previous studies on the subject. They have discovered that although pay may be a motivator for some employees, larger wages do not directly correlate to a satisfied employee base. These researchers went on to compare an increase in wages to that of the short-lived joy of newlyweds, meaning that job satisfaction would only be temporary. These research findings are not an entirely new way of thinking and as Dan Pink explains in his presentation, The Puzzle of Motivation, there is a mismatch between what science knows and what business does (2009). This essentially means that most 21st century genuineness are choosing to ignore the fact that the science of organizational behavior pertaining to motivation is not linked to reward and punishment, or extrinsic motivation, but rather intrinsic. Carols employer is implementing these concepts of intrinsic motivation to better the work environment, but is it really making a difference for employees? Analyze the case chosen Although the policy change is strictly optional, research has shown that breaks taken at work can be beneficial to reducing stress levels for employee (Frizz, Ellis, Demise, Line Gurus, 2013). The key argument presented in ending is that work breaks have measurable effects on employee well-being and performance. However, this research places a great deal of focus on the activities that employees partake in during their work breaks. Meaning if an individual uses this break time to read a book or enjoy a meal, as long as these activities are viewed as relaxing by the partaker, then they will demonstrate increased energy during the work day. This increased energy would then, presumably, correlate to a more productive employee. On the reverse side of the spectrum, if an individual uses their thirty minute break erred to perform a task they find stressful then they would return to their work duties feeling fatigued, and therefore become less productive as the dad goes on. Although the latter is of concern to employers finding ways to help employees actively seek out less stressful actives during the work day would be beneficial to both parties. This is because the more stress an employee experiences on a routine basis, the greater risk they are to become fatigued, experience memory loss and develop coronary heart disease, consequently lowering employee productivity (Colloquial, Lupine, Wesson, 2013). It is important for organizations to realize that when trying to provide a better work place and environment for employees there can always be multiple layers to the issue. Perhaps the focus Of this case study should also be spent on finding ways to reduce the levels of stress workers experience and help them to cope with stresses they cannot eliminate. In order to successfully carry out such a task, managers would have to work with employees to create a list of work hindrance and work challenge stresses that can be addressed. It is possible that management has not been made ware of such issues and if they are able to address these concerns going forward then employees would benefit greatly, particularly if these issues are easy to overcome. This type of analysis would be best conducted on a case by case basis due to the fact that stress is different for everyone. The notion that every individual is unique is not a new concept, yet it is one that should be embraced. The employer being discussed in this case is clear aware of this fact because of their demonstration of flexibility in the meal policy change. Nevertheless, the evidence presented in the analysis portion f this case illustrates that employee breaks are overall constructive to employee motivation and if paired with stress reducing activities, can increase employee productivity and organizational commitment. Recommendations In order to provide employees with an adequate amount of personal time t relax, reflex and re-energize, it is recommended that employees be obligated to take their two 15 minute paid breaks on a daily basis. Management should( implement this policy by making sure that individuals document this time away from work activities through some sort of time clock process. This commendation comes in light of the fact that if it was a common occurrence for employees to skip taking lunch breaks previously, then they are most likely not taking their 15 minutes breaks as well. Employees and managers need to be educated on the benefits associated with embracing these work breaks, as they are meant to help, not hinder, work performance. By taking these few minutes for ones self the employee will be able to come back to the their workstation with a fresh look and positive attitude towards their work. The second recommendation to be discussed is that the organization would offer activities for workers to take part in during their 15 minute breaks. These activities would be geared towards stress relief and could include tasks such as meditation, cardiac, and brain teasers. Those employees interested in partaking in such events on a group level would also be able to do so during a thirty minute meal break if they chose to have one, as these will still be optional. It is recommended that managers reach out to employees for feedback on activities they believe would help to reduce stress. This exercise can also open the lines of communication as to where employees are experiencing stress in their role within the organization. It would be extremely beneficial for management to document such discussions and find ways to assist in eliminating or lessening these stresses. If such a discussion is unable to flow freely, than it is recommend that an anonymous Survey be conducted pertaining to employees and the work hindrance and challenge stresses they are facing. It is all but guaranteed that such issues are prevalent in this case due to the information that has been presented in Carols case scenario. These employees would not be irking overtime on their lunch breaks and then develop a new desire to remain a member of the agency if they were not experiencing some short of stress pertaining to their work (Case Scenario). Therefore, it is crucial that this employer gets to the bottom of the issue or at the very least develops a time management system for employees. It is important that this section of the consulting report end with a discussion on the policy change that originated the overall analysis. Even though research suggests that meal periods are important for employee attestation, the consulting party believes that the employees ability to make these decisions for themselves outweighs the research provided. Ultimately giving employees the freedom to make their own choice on this topic is believed to generate more satisfaction then going back and re-mandating the procedure. It is also important to note that because employees will now be required to take their 15 minute breaks, they will still be able to receive the benefits discussed formerly in the text. Expected outcomes By following the recommendations outlined in this consulting report the aforementioned organization should notice an overall decrease in employee stress and increase in motivation. Employees will learn to balance their work related duties and their inner need to nurture their minds on a personal level. The interventions recommend are designed to make work a more enjoyable place for employees, this will intern promote a higher level Of performance and increased commitment to the workplace. Employees must feel valued in order to grow their skills and breed creativity (Colloquial et al, 2013). Failure to motivate employees will be difficult, because of the fact that these commendations rely heavily on impacting employee stress and overall job satisfaction in a positive way. By taking an inside out approach to the issues presented by this company and its employees, one is able to see that both parties needs will be meant. The initial focus should be on eliminating stress factors for employees, and by developing creative ways to do so the organization will have conquered half the battle. Thus creating a snowball effect that can increase job satisfaction and motivate employees to work harder and develop their skillet. The important focus of this report is that unlocking the key to employee stress is paramount to increasing performance and commitment. The face that this organization is taking such steps to positively affect their employees demonstrates the emotional attachment workers may strengthen or develop towards the organization. Not to mention the fact that the group activities that will be implemented aim to increase overall moral and develop stronger coworker bounds. These relationships will help to increase organizational commitment as well. By now it should be clear that these aspects of an individuals behavior: motivation, tress, job satisfaction, performance, and commitment are intertwined and help to advance one another. But the weak link that must be continually evaluated is employee stress. Now of course there are always exceptions to the rule, the 10 presenters. These individuals will make implementation of even the most rewarding task difficult, but it is important for managers to focus their attention on developing procedures that will work best for the majority of workers. Knowing that they will not be able to please every employee can be difficult for managers to fathom.

Harukos World essays

Haruko's World essays The setting of Harukos World begins in 1974 in a small farming community in Japan. The start of the book is the author getting acquainted with the area and the family she is about to spend the next few years with. Bernstein goes into to detail to describe the home and her surroundings, such as inadequate space in this drafty and dark house. The area the family lives in is not far from poverty stricken, with little shack-like homes shoulder to shoulder. One of Harukos initial worries is that she would not be able to accommodate her guest with devoted care such as, making breakfast, mending and ironing clothes, and cleaning her room. Harukos had a very big concern with clothing and appearance. Her obsession was not even to impress her husband, but to impress other women. Bernstein has to quickly learn the common forms of etiquette within the Japanese culture. The main way she is to learn this is by watching and asking questions of Haruko. Haruko is really kind of a control freak, wanting to be in charge of pretty much everything that went on in her household. This was just a sign of the times. Womens responsibilities at this time and location were not limited to just daily household chores. She would be responsible for different appointments of any kind for her family and she also would take charge of distributing work as well. Eventually Bernstein begins to get the story between Haruko and her husband, Sho-ichi. The two met in 1949 in the home of her uncle, while they were each helping with the rice harvest. The relationship that develops between Haruko and her husband is unique. Bernstein discovers that Sho-ichi could be physically abusive at times. He may either strike her in face or push her forehead with the palm of his hand. This was partially due to the fact that he was very laid back and she was not. If things were not running smoothly, especially between Haruko and her m...

Integrated Natural Sciences(Biology, Physic's,Chemsitry,Human Anatomy) Assignment

Integrated Natural Sciences(Biology, Physic's,Chemsitry,Human Anatomy) - Assignment Example Hence it is very helpful and useful to study science using an integrated approach. 2. Explain the LIMITATIONS of science and how science differs from other areas such as art and religion (Science’s domain is based on evidence; whereas religion and art domain’s center upon belief, aesthetics, etc) Science demands proof whereas the domain of religion and art depend upon beliefs and aesthetics. That is why questions like ‘what is the purpose of life?’ or ‘Does God exist?’ cannot be researched by science. 2. Explain what happens to the gravitational force when there is a change in mass and/or distance. The gravitational force increases/decreases proportionally with the change in mass but is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. 1. Explain the role of gravity in the formation of solar systems and galaxies. Stars start of as a cloud of gas and dust. Due to gravitational forces they clump together and contract. This contraction increases the temperatures and initiates nuclear fusion. Similarly the left over materials clump together to form planets. 3. Why does the same side of the Moon always face the Earth? The gravitational pull from the earth slows down the rotation of the moon. The moon revolves around at the same speed at which it is orbiting and hence the same side of the moon always faces the earth. 4. Explain the relationship between thermal energy and gravitational force in a star’s life cycle. The greater the gravitational pull, the greater is the pressure experiences by the gases which increases their thermal energy. Both the forces are proportional to the product of their charge and mass respectively and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The difference between these two is that gravitational force is always attractive while electrical force may be attractive or repulsive. In transverse waves, the wave propagates perpendicular to the direction of motion, for example,

The Advantages and Disadvantages of e-Education in Student Learning Research Paper

The Advantages and Disadvantages of e-Education in Student Learning - Research Paper Example E-learning is a great platform especially for those students who seek to obtain prior knowledge of their ancestors to evaluate the contemporary philosophies. As the contemporary wisdom is the result of our ancestor’s wisdom. Virtual faculties of education have been working out for around ten years to bring traditional knowledge and philosophy that occurred in the past. Despite consuming a long period in the task but not a great deal of authenticity of past knowledge has been acquired that could consolidate student’s desire (industry, 2012). Currently, there are few who are still not enlightened of the purpose of e-learning and therefore could not exploit its elementary functions in order to gain authentic information on the intended topic. This paper will certainly help those people and will remove the irregularities and doubts regarding e-learning and will also discuss what contribution has been made by e-learning in the past years. Additionally, this paper will also h ighlight iPhone introduction into universities and colleges for teaching purposes. The Role of Training, Administrative Leadership and Teacher Commitment in the Application of the iPad Technology The introduction of iPad technology in classrooms and universities has radically changed the learning environment and teaching habits. IPad is a creative and inspirational educational tool which has the ability to engage students with its content in an interactive manner. This change has influenced all parts of the world and students have replaced their pens, laptops, and notebooks with iPads. Some institutes are also offering free iPads to their students and faculty with the aim of helping them to flow with the same flow of learning. Education has always embraced new technological advancements which can easily be transformed into a utility beneficial of students and teachers. IPads are relatively cheaper as compared to laptops and desktop systems and above all, they are easy to handle and manage. Taking all this into consideration it is evident that social knowledge is embraced and enhanced through collaboration. More students can take part in such system of education through virtual online presence which will lead the way to improved learning patterns. Moreover, it allows complex problems to be addressed and solved in real time scenarios. However it is evident that e-learning combined with iPad technology will challenge the limitation of traditional institutional pedagogy, but at this point, the role of a teacher is crucial who must also be trained and equipped with the latest technology. Initially, teachers and instructors will feel complications in shifting from a stable environment of the lecture hall to an interactive, digital and e-learning environment. It is necessary to have a cross check on students and create stability across various platforms in order to execute a smooth learning procedure (Kruse, 2012). The applications supported by iPad must be enhanced and upgraded to support a full range of synchronous and asynchronous communication. In this manner, students will be able to connect, formulate, edit or share with other students both in a physical or e-learning environment. Moreover, students can attach different peripherals for having an online interactive learning community experience.

The Gender Roles And Working Culture In The Nursing Industry Essay - 4

The Gender Roles And Working Culture In The Nursing Industry - Essay Example Workplace culture and gender roles have been changing very radically in the past few decades. For instance, workplace roles traditionally associated with men or those ascribed to females have seen a shift in acceptance of the opposite gender. More women are taking up roles that were traditionally reserved for men (Mills, 2002). At the same time, men are also venturing into career lines that were assumed best suited for women. For instance, nursing was for a long time considered the preserve of women. Recently, more men have taken up nursing as a profession and can be found in many health facilities across the world (Cross & Baglihole, 2002). Meanwhile, it is not always easy for men to venture in professions culturally considered the preserve of women such as nursing. This essay explores the gender roles and working culture in the nursing industry with regards to sharing of roles among male and female nurses. The traditional nursing industry has been stereotyped in favour of women. Un known to many quarters, this was not always the case. In fact, the domination of women in the nursing profession only began to emerge in the 1800s with largely unskilled female nurses providing the essential medical services. As early as 250 B.C. E nursing schools existed but admitted only men for training (Thompson, 2014). The oldest documented nursing school is believed to have been set up in India, which also recruited male students to care for the sick. In continental Europe, nursing services were provided by Christian organizations such as churches. For instance, when the Bubonic plague broke out in Europe, church organizations took over the role of caring for the sick and disposing of the dead. The Benedictine Nursing Order established by St. Benedict, as well as the Knights Hospitallers, are some of the earliest nursing institutions.

Modern British politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern British politics - Essay Example The focus group is then asked questions to which it is to discuss and then to provide answers to the questions. More often than not these opinions are used simply to reassure the government, but more recently they have been used to form the new policies in areas that would have been otherwise neglected by the government. Those influencing the focus groups are usually influenced by their age, gender, and social class. Often times, these factors are represented in the focus groups that are found in the general areas of Britain. Individuals of different age groups are commonly looking for different things; the biggest division in the current economic situation is the fear of those ready to retire, and the fear of those that are just entering the job market. Therefore, focus groups have been influenced by these issues. Gender politics also comes into play, as many women are becoming more and more involved in politics and investing their voices in their political needs. Women are becoming more active in politics and the roles of political change. Some of this can be seen in the new laws revolving around divorce that have awarded women more monetary compensation, as in White vs. White. Women, because of their active status, are now winning around 50% of the assets in a marriage. Social class has always been an issue to consider as well, because social class has influenced the general needs of the various classes in Britain. The wealth of an individual can affect how he or she decides to vote, or what he or she decides to stand for. People who are in poverty will be more concerned about finding the various supports that they need, such as unemployment for those that have been recently laid off in the hard economic times. As far as age is concerned, older people tend to vote in the Labour part (around 60%) and younger individuals tend to vote for the Tories (around 65%). This can be seen from recent pollings. Since these age classes have distinct

The role of affirmative action in society Research Paper

The role of affirmative action in society - Research Paper Example The main reason this topic has been chosen is that we live in very diverse societies and are faced with a very wide range of people every single day. With the increasing change of roles of households and the increasing recessions in place, there is a clear need to understand in depth the steps that are taken to positively represent the women and minorities. Body: Impact of Affirmative Action on Society Considering the beneficiaries of the Affirmative Action it is evident that the cause is very noble. Yes, it is true that the law was introduced and passed for the safety and need of many people in need. However considering the people involved and the amount of damage that it has on the society, there have been a number of doubts that have surfaced. The law has also stirred up a number of questions and has built up a number of doubts about the accuracy of the law. Kate Johns has in a very effective manner explained the same. She explains the case of Martin Luther King who had focused on what the person is worth in terms of skills, behavior and performance rather than on the color of the skin. As quoted by Johns, â€Å"Don't judge a man by the color of his skin, but by the content of his character† (Johns). ... ople are actually being judged by their skin color and being place in jobs and higher places of learning due to their skin color, and their ethnic background† (Johns). This is the concept there several white victims of affirmative action and those from majority groups now refer to as reverse discrimination. Most affirmative action policies have always operated on the assumption of that the group that is on the receiving end of the policies is at an advantage. There are members of this group who are not necessarily under such circumstances. It is hard to believe but there are researchers who have argued that these policies, including those that are founded on racial principles, targets and goals at times have a serious impact on the majority race too. Lately, there have been several instances of white men complaining of reduced opportunities as a result of affirmative action policies that favor women and because of those that favor the minority races. This phenomenon goes by sev eral names and has been employed by a number of groups that criticize the philosophies on which affirmative action policies have been founded. While at the initial stages, the affirmative action policies or frameworks work in a positive way. This is because at this stage, they introduce the terms and define the boundaries for which to sell the concept and idea of gender and racial preferences, goals and targets. However, they ultimately turn their heads and start biting the class of people who had been believed to be strongly protected or favored by the system. It is essential to note that impact of the affirmative action is not completely negative in society and the actual intension of the law is clearly a good one. As explained by Mitchell W. Pearlman and Gregory Daniels, Affirmative action

Intellectual property protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intellectual property protection - Essay Example The scope of the work will cover the conventions in design management and intellectual property rules and processes. In addition to this, relevant elements of international intellectual property law as regulated by the key stakeholders like the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) will be integrated into the study to form the parameters of the discussion Patents are rights to new or useful ideas (Motro, 2012). Thus, if a designer creates a new idea and a new concept, that individual can seek to register it as a patent. A patent is used for inventions and there is the individual who registers a patent has the general authority or license to confer rights for replication of the design or concept (Cannady, 2010). The fundamental requirement for a patent registration is that the idea being patented by a designer is new and useful (Dworkin and Taylor, 2011). Thus, in the world of design, as long as a design is useful and new, a designer can register it. The idea must be one that does not exist and it can be attained if a design can be applied in a scientific way or manner. The advantage of patents over other forms of registration of intellectual property is that it excludes others (Waller, 2011). This protects the legal rights and limits replications through licensing opportunity which brings the inventor royalties (Yu, 2007). This can be easily extended to different nations around the world (Yu, 2007). The disadvantage of patents on the other hand is that it lasts for only 20 y ears (Waller, 2011). It is expensive to register a patent and the requirements are extremely complicated. There is also a long time requirement for people registering patents. Another approach to the registration of a design is to use trademarks. Trademarks are however different from patents and might not be applicable to some forms of designs (Bowen, 1994). The essential role of trademarks is that it gives a commercial

Modern British politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern British politics - Essay Example The focus group is then asked questions to which it is to discuss and then to provide answers to the questions. More often than not these opinions are used simply to reassure the government, but more recently they have been used to form the new policies in areas that would have been otherwise neglected by the government. Those influencing the focus groups are usually influenced by their age, gender, and social class. Often times, these factors are represented in the focus groups that are found in the general areas of Britain. Individuals of different age groups are commonly looking for different things; the biggest division in the current economic situation is the fear of those ready to retire, and the fear of those that are just entering the job market. Therefore, focus groups have been influenced by these issues. Gender politics also comes into play, as many women are becoming more and more involved in politics and investing their voices in their political needs. Women are becoming more active in politics and the roles of political change. Some of this can be seen in the new laws revolving around divorce that have awarded women more monetary compensation, as in White vs. White. Women, because of their active status, are now winning around 50% of the assets in a marriage. Social class has always been an issue to consider as well, because social class has influenced the general needs of the various classes in Britain. The wealth of an individual can affect how he or she decides to vote, or what he or she decides to stand for. People who are in poverty will be more concerned about finding the various supports that they need, such as unemployment for those that have been recently laid off in the hard economic times. As far as age is concerned, older people tend to vote in the Labour part (around 60%) and younger individuals tend to vote for the Tories (around 65%). This can be seen from recent pollings. Since these age classes have distinct

Intellectual property protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intellectual property protection - Essay Example The scope of the work will cover the conventions in design management and intellectual property rules and processes. In addition to this, relevant elements of international intellectual property law as regulated by the key stakeholders like the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) will be integrated into the study to form the parameters of the discussion Patents are rights to new or useful ideas (Motro, 2012). Thus, if a designer creates a new idea and a new concept, that individual can seek to register it as a patent. A patent is used for inventions and there is the individual who registers a patent has the general authority or license to confer rights for replication of the design or concept (Cannady, 2010). The fundamental requirement for a patent registration is that the idea being patented by a designer is new and useful (Dworkin and Taylor, 2011). Thus, in the world of design, as long as a design is useful and new, a designer can register it. The idea must be one that does not exist and it can be attained if a design can be applied in a scientific way or manner. The advantage of patents over other forms of registration of intellectual property is that it excludes others (Waller, 2011). This protects the legal rights and limits replications through licensing opportunity which brings the inventor royalties (Yu, 2007). This can be easily extended to different nations around the world (Yu, 2007). The disadvantage of patents on the other hand is that it lasts for only 20 y ears (Waller, 2011). It is expensive to register a patent and the requirements are extremely complicated. There is also a long time requirement for people registering patents. Another approach to the registration of a design is to use trademarks. Trademarks are however different from patents and might not be applicable to some forms of designs (Bowen, 1994). The essential role of trademarks is that it gives a commercial

Gender Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Gender Discrimination Essay Gender discrimination is an important issue in the workplace in today’s world. Female employees are facing gender discrimination in the form of different dimensions. This discrimination is disturbing their performance. The main aim of this study is to see the effect of these gender discrimination dimensions which include glass ceiling, salary gap and discrimination in facilities on the productivity of female employees with the mediating effect of job commitment and job satisfaction. The research is focused on the private education sector. The population frame is the female teachers in the private education institutes. A sample of 130 female teachers is collected for this study. The framework is developed for our study for checking the impact of glass ceiling, salary gap and discrimination in facilities on the productivity of female employees. The hypotheses are developed and after the data analysis some of the hypothesis are rejected and some of the hypothesis are not rejected. The hypotheses that the glass ceiling, discrimination in facilities and salary gap has negative impact on employee productivity is accepted which made us to conclude that these discrimination has a big impact on employee productivity and ultimately organizational performance. This study will give some guidelines to the managers and policy makers in any organization that how to reduce these discriminations. Key words: Gender discrimination, Glass ceiling, Employee productivity, salary gap, discrimination in facilities, job satisfaction, job commitment, Paper type: Research Paper 1. Introduction 1.1 Significance/Rationales of study The study came up with the solutions to the problem of gender discrimination at work place. This study will help the people to be aware of this dominating problem of gender discrimination and its reasons. This study can also identify the positive and negative effects of discrimination on the world of business and personal lives of people. Gender discrimination is a wide phenomenon which is affecting every political, social and economic life. In this era where everyone think that there should be equal rights for men and women, there are some occurrences of people who are being discriminated because of their gender. It is not an issue, which one can easily tolerate or ignore. Gender discrimination is understood as the unequal treatment against people of either sex, but statistics shows that women are the one who are more discriminated just being a female (Lila Adhikari, 2008). Gender issues were first pointed out in 1950s, but it’s been highlighted in organization and management studies in between 1980s and 1990s. In this duration many studies on effect of gender discrimination on employees were conducted. One study shows that gender discrimination is inversely proportional to job commitment and satisfaction which means it reduces the employee’s productivity which ultimately affects the organizational productivity (Zahid Ali Channar, 2011). Many factors have been identified which are responsible for gender discrimination in work place, which are education, promotion, marriage and child bearing and environment. If we look in context of promotion, a wide practice used is glass ceiling, a process by which women are not promoted to high level of jobs (Bell, 2002). Last year report issued by a commission of glass ceiling that shows that there are only 7 to 9 percent of managers that are in senior positions are women at fortune 1000 (kom and catalyst, 2012). 81 % employers dislike to hire a female. 49 % not carefully planning their careers to benefit women and above of all a survey tells that only 1 percent CEOs or even less than 1 percent take it as first concern, the development of women (Mauricio, 2012). 1.2 Problem Statement HRM in any organization is related to staffing, motivating and maintaining the organization (Decenzo, 1998). 50 years ago, due to homogeneity of work force the HRM was very simple, but now-a-days the workforce is heterogeneous. Managing this heterogeneity required such a staff that can create an equitable environment so that no group has any kind of advantage or disadvantage on other group (Wayne, 1995). Heterogeneity in workplace gave birth to gender discrimination, which has become an intense situation in Pakistan and affecting the employee’s productivity (Qaiser Abbas, 2011). An employee perform difficult tasks for the survival and improvement of organization but gender discrimination reduces the employee’s satisfaction, commitment and enthusiasm and increases the stress level which ultimately affects the productivity of an employee (Zahid Ali Channar, 2011). These studies did not discuss that how dimensions of gender discrimination effect the productivity of employee. The dimensions of gender discrimination include discrimination in promotions, discrimination in salary and discrimination in facilities provided. So there is a need to explore the effect of different dimensions of gender discrimination on the productivity of employee. 1.3 Aim of the study This study investigates that how different dimensions of gender discrimination effect the employee productivity. It would be helpful for any organization in the process of policy making which will ultimately increase the productivity of an organization. 1.4 Research Objectives 1) To identify that whether gender discrimination has an effect on productivity of employees in private educational institutes. 2) To explore how the productivity of employees is affected by gender discrimination in promotion, salary and facilities provided in private educational institutes. 3) To examine the results of the survey. 4) To recommend some reformed measures to the policy makers for the future. 1.5 Research Questions 1) What is relation between the employee productivity and gender discrimination? 2) What is effect of gender discrimination in promotion, salary and facilities on the performance of an employee? 2. Literature Review This literature view is based on the evaluation of gender discrimination on employee’s productivity. The gender discrimination now exist most of the organization around the world. Gender discrimination may exist in different dimensions like discrimination in promotions, facilities and Salaries. In simple words gender discrimination can be defined as the unfair treatment or behavior based on gender. It is said to occur when an individual’s decision is based on gender. Gender discrimination was attempted to define by no law. If we look in the perspective of employment, it is giving more advantage to a particular group (Wayne, 1995). This thing results in the decreased productivity of employees. 2.1 Gender Discrimination in Global Perspective The first form of discrimination was found by the universal declaration of human rights (1948). Gender discrimination is now a social disease which is destroying the lives of women around the world. Sen (1991) shows us that if equal treatment and opportunities were given then there should be more 100 million females than are presently alive. Many steps were taken to eliminate the gender discrimination but none of them was proved to be effective. The Beijing conference that documented 12 most prominent areas of discrimination was a big step in eliminating the gender discrimination (UNFPA, 2005). It is proved from the studies that gender discrimination has an influence on the employee productivity. A study shows that if there is a proper policy of gender discrimination there will be a change in employee’s productivity (Naqi Abbas, 2010). 2.2 Glass Ceiling Women in workplace face a wide practice called glass ceiling. This is a practice in which women are ignored when making a promotion policy or promoting an employee. We can see that in every organization the executive posts are held by males. According to a study only 3 percent of the most paid executives are female and these posts are disproportionately held by men (Healy and Zukka, 2004). Women are mostly entrusted in small projects not the big one. They are being kept deprived from international assignment which is keeping away from their promotions. Nick (1991) had conducted the study on international careers of women. His study clearly shows that there is a glass ceiling effect. Women are not being encouraged to do new projects on new markets and they are being kept at junior manager positions. Gender discrimination is not directly related to productivity. The relation of employee productivity and gender discrimination is mediated by job satisfaction and job commitment. Employees who faces policies and practices of gender discrimination show less satisfaction with their job (Ensher et al, 2001). When individuals’ face gender discrimination in workplace they show a low level of job commitment so gender discrimination has a negative relation with job commitment and job satisfaction (Sharon Foley, 2005). Gender discrimination creates tension and reduces the satisfaction of people and it is the study of 139 Hispanic male and female (Sanchez, 1996). The productivity of a happy worker is higher than an unhappy worker (Rabins, 1999,). Employee satisfaction plays a vital role in its productivity and there is a significant relation of job satisfaction with employee productivity (Pushpakumari, 2008). Job satisfaction lead to organizational responsibility, mental health and finally employee productivity (Coomber, 2007). Another study shows us that the organizations who perceive greater gender discrimination report less satisfaction and commitment (Ellen A. Ensher, 2001). The hypotheses are given below: 1) Glass ceiling has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Glass ceiling is negatively related with employee productivity. 3) Job Satisfaction is positively related with employee productivity. 4) Job satisfaction mediates the relation between gender discrimination in promotions and employee productivity. 2.3 Discrimination in facilities In a workplace an employee is provided with many facilities which helps them to complete their task which include computers, air conditioners, assistant and transport facilities etc. If on a work place if such kind of facilities are provided to a male employee and not provided to a female employee of a same post. The female employee will start to think that the upper management don’t care about them which will increase their stress level and the satisfaction level of that employee cold be decreased which will affect the employee’s productivity. The hypotheses are given below: 1) Gender discrimination in facilities has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Gender discrimination in facilities is negatively related with job satisfaction. 3) Job Satisfaction mediates the relationship between gender discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. 2.4 Salary Gap Another dimension of discrimination is the Salary gap. Women usually get low pay then men in any job they are appointed. Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) study shows that there is a gap of 63.27 percent in salary in 1979, and in 1986 it decreases to 33.09 percent. This was the decline in every province. Discrimination is not the phenomenon of one or two countries, it exist in most of the developed countries like USA. A study showed that women dietitians in USA earn 45,258 dollars per year while men earn 50,250 dollars per year (Pollard, 2007). Managers at top level in organization mostly prefer their own interest rather than others. They think that superiors who have power on their careers will support them. According to Susan et al (1998) mostly top managers in any organization are the people who are more biased against females and these people save interest of their own. The study shows that job commitment is significant related with productivity, there exist high degree of correlation between commitment and productivity. Individuals that are highly committed proved to be more productive and have higher satisfaction and have no intention to leave the job rather than employee with low job commitment (Varsha, 2012). The hypotheses are given below: 1) Salary gap has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Salary gap is negatively related with job commitment 3) Job Commitment is positively related with employee productivity 4) Job Commitment mediates the relation between salary gap and employee productivity. 2.5 Gender discrimination in Pakistan Pakistan is also one of the countries where gender discrimination is seen in most of the organizations. We all know Pakistan is a male dominating society and women are being treated unfairly in every field of profession. Gender discrimination has spread its root from public organizations to private organizations. Women are being kept at low level jobs and they are not promoted to high posts due to biasness of top level managers and policy makers. A study by Ghizala Kazi (2011) shows us that no women in the public organizations are in the scale of 20 or more. There are very few women above scale 15. Most of the women are under 15th scale, which shows the situation of discrimination in Pakistan. Many factors for this situation were identified like education, promotion, environment, child bearing and discrimination. If such kinds of discrimination is eliminated than the productivity of these women employees could be increased. There are evidences that the promotion of gender equality leads to a better performance and improved economy of concerned society. The societies who have greater female employment opportunities are less corrupt and have better governance (Klasen, 2006). This is not the end of discriminations in Pakistan. A women employee is also discriminated in Salary, which is a basic right of an employee that he should get compensated according to his work and post. In Pakistan you will see men and women working on same job level but different pay. In the report of poverty in Pakistan it is clearly proved that majority of women are concentrated in low paid jobs with very few opportunity for moving upward (Shah et al, 2004). If we look in the export industries of Pakistan which is a backbone in measurement of economy of Pakistan we will see the similar situation of discrimination. The study of Siddique (2006) surveyed the industries of export that are in Karachi, Sialkot and Faisalabad. The results from this study confirms the gender discrimination and shows that men were getting 20 percent more than then women working at the same post. It was also concluded that adjustment policies and change in labor market has a negative impact on females. To have maximum output from women employee the organizational culture of discrimination should be changed. Organizational culture affects the performance of employee. Organizational environment and culture can make the workplace attractive and supportive for a female employee. Attitudes of peers and support from family are also very significant for the female employee (Irfan, 2009). Many studies have discussed the gender discrimination as a general term but there is need to explore the discrimination in different dimensions and how these dimensions affect the productivity of employees. Gender discrimination has three dimensions which include discrimination in promotions, salary and facilities provided. So this study will be based on exploring the effect of dimensions of gender discrimination on productivity of employees. 3. Conceptual framework In the literature review of this topic the framework has been defined which show the relationship between the variables. Correlation is basically run to analyze the relationship between two or more variable. It also measure that how two variables move in relation to each other. It measures the strength and direction of linear relationship between two variables with respect to each other. The sign of the value shows the direction that whether it is negative or positive. Positive sign shows that the variables are moving in same direction means if one variable is increasing the other variable is also increasing and negative sign shows that if one variable is increasing then other variable is decreasing. The magnitude shows the intensity between variable. If the value is between 0.1 and 0.5 then the variables are weakly correlated. If the value is between 0.5 and 0.7 then the variables are moderately correlated. If the value is between 0.7 and 0.99 then the variables are strongly correlated. The value 1 shows the perfect correlation between variables. Table 5 shows the intensity and the direction of any two variables. Highest value of correlation is 0.753 which is between gender discrimination in facilities and glass ceiling. So the correlation between discrimination in facilities and glass ceiling is positive and strongly correlated. The relationship between DF and EP, and DF and JS, and JC and SG is negative. So it means that if you have more salary gap than your commitment to job will be less but its value is less than any else two variables, so we can say that job commitment will be less but with very small value, and if you have more discrimination in facilities then your productivity will be less. The remaining variables have positive relation with each other. The relationship is significant at 1% which means there are 99% chances that the relationship between all two variables will remain the same if the sample is changes and sample size and population remains same as shown in the table given below. 5.7 Regression This research is to check the effect of gender discrimination dimensions which are glass ceiling, salary gap and discrimination in facilities on the employee productivity. This research also includes two mediating variables job satisfaction and job commitment. Job satisfaction is mediating between glass ceiling and employee productivity and also discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. Job commitment is mediating between salary gap and employee productivity. For this 9 hypothesis were developed. For the purpose of checking the impact regression has been applied. The model has only one dependent variable so there will be one model of regression equation. There will be separate equation for mediating variable to check the mediating effect of variables between independent and dependent variable. In first model we run the regression equation between EP, GC, DF, SG, JC and Job satisfaction. 5.7.1 Regression Equation EP = 4.66 0.38GC 0.86DF 0.26SG + 0.017JC + 0.167JS The Above equation shows that if all the other variables remain unchanged or have value of zero then the productivity of employee remains at 14.66. It is the fixed value of employee productivity. The coefficient values tell the per unit change in the employee productivity so if we increase the value of GC, SG and DF then the value of employee productivity will decrease by 0.38, 0.86 and 0.26 respectively. If the value of job commitment increases by one then the value of employee productivity will increase by 0.017. The hypotheses of glass ceiling, discrimination in facilities and job satisfaction are accepted. If the value of job satisfaction is increased then the value of employee productivity will increase by 5.10 Kruskal Wallis Test The non-parametric test will be used that is kruskal-Wallis test. Whenever the assumption of levene test is not fulfilled the non-parametric test i.e. kruskal-Wallis test is used. So kruskal-Wallis test is applied to check the level of job commitment in the females who are earning less than 30,000 between 30,000 and 40,000 and more than 40,000. The table given below shows that the asymptotic value is greater than 0.05so test is insignificant. So there is no difference in the average of glass ceiling in all three populations. So we can conclude that there is no significant difference between the mean of all three population p = 0.509, with a mean rank of 73.45 for below 30,000, 65.20 for 30,000 to 40,000 and 73.00 for above 40,000. 6. Discussion This study is conducted to check the impact of gender discrimination on the productivity of employees. The study included three dimensions of gender discrimination that is discrimination in promotions, discrimination in facilities and discrimination in salary. With the help of previous studies it is found that all these discriminations have negative impact on employee productivity which is mention in literature view. The hypotheses were developed for this study. There are 12 hypotheses that are developed. First hypothesis is that glass ceiling has negative impact on employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked after entering the data into SPSS. He results show that glass ceiling does have negative impact on employee productivity. If women are not being promoted to higher job positions and if there is no such policies related to gender discrimination then the productivity of female employee decreases. Second hypothesis was that the glass ceiling is negatively related with job satisfaction. this hypothesis is checked through the correlation. The table 5 of correlation clearly shows that glass ceiling is negatively related with the job satisfaction and result is also significant so this hypothesis is supported. Third hypothesis is that the job satisfaction is positively related with the employee productivity. The table of correlation shows the positive relation between the two variables. So employee productivity increases as the job satisfactions continues to increase and if job satisfaction decreases the employee productivity also decreases. Fourth hypothesis is that the job satisfaction is mediating between glass ceiling and employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked through the mediation test which consists of four steps. This test did not support the hypothesis so this hypothesis is rejected. Fifth hypothesis is that the discrimination in facilities has negative impact on the employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked by regression. Discrimination in facilities has the negative impact on the employee productivity and it is also significant. So this hypothesis is also supported. The sixth hypothesis is that discrimination in facilities is negatively related with the job satisfaction. This hypothesis is supported because the correlation between them is negative in the table 5. So the discrimination in facilities increases then the satisfaction with the job decreases. The next hypothesis is that the job satisfaction plays the mediating role between the discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. This hypothesis is also checked by the mediation test the result is shown in the table 8 which shows that this hypothesis is not supported. It means that job satisfaction is not mediating between discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. The eights hypothesis that was developed is that salary gap has negative impact on the employee productivity. The hypothesis is not supported as it is checked by regression test which is shown in the table 6. It has negative impact but it is not significant means that if gap is more in salary then employee productivity decreases but not significantly. The ninth hypothesis is that salary gap is negatively related with job commitment. The hypothesis is checked with the correlation which is shown in the table 5 of correlation which shows that the relation between these two variables is negative. So salary gap reduces the job commitment of female employees. The next hypothesis that is developed is that the job commitment is positively related with the employee productivity. The relation is checked with the correlation and hypothesis is supported because results show that there is positive relation between salary gap and job commitment and it is significant. It means more job commitment the more employee productivity. The next hypothesis is that job commitment mediated the relation between the salary gap and employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked by the mediation test and it is not supported. The results show that job commitment does not play a mediating role between salary gap and employee productivity. The t test is also applied to check that whether the level of variables is also applicable on the population. The results are shown in the table 9. This table shows that all the values of p are significant so the level is also the same as the population. The level of job commitment is also checked in the three population related to different income groups that is below 30,000, 30,000-40,000 and more than 40,000. For this purpose the ANOVA is applied but for ANOVA the assumption of levene test should be fulfilled that is its value should be insignificant. The table 10 shows that levene test assumption is not fulfilled so the non-parametric test is used. The non-parametric test is the Kruskal-Willis test. This test is applied and the hypothesis is rejected as its asymptotic value is not significant. So it means that the there is no significant difference between the job commitment of females who are earning less than 30000, 30000-40000 and more than 40000. 7. Implication Through this study the impact of gender discrimination is checked on the employee productivity. The productivity of an employee is much important for an organization. So the management should consider the issue of gender discrimination as it is shown that the gender discrimination has negative impact on the employee productivity. As our sector for this research is the private education institutes which are very important sector for a developing countries so the management should consider reforming its policies. The management should make transparent, merit based recruitment and selection, it should also provide the training for better performance of female employee so that they can be promoted, they could be provided similarly facilities and different incentive so that they compete economically with the men as all these discriminations are effecting their productivity. 8. Limitation This study was only focused to the three dimensions of gender discrimination and employee productivity is the only variable that is measured that effect the productivity of organization. This research was only examining the education sector and the data was collected only from private institutions. The data was also 140 and it was collected only from the schools that are in the city area the educations institutes in the village was not collected so therefore the ability of generalizability of our findings were restricted and this can lead us to the biasness of respondents (Paul et al., 2003). 9. Conclusion This study provided an insight that how the dimensions of gender discrimination affect the productivity of employee. The data has been collected from different private education institutes through questionnaire. After the analysis that we have done on SPSS we can conclude that gender discrimination has a negative impact on the employee productivity which ultimately affect the performance of employee. The result of impact of salary gap on the employee productivity is not significant. So if the organizations want to perform well then they should keep the gender discrimination out of their organizations in order to make their female employees perform well which will be beneficial for the organization. 10. References Channar, Z. A. (2011). Gender Discrimination in Workforce and its Impact. Pak. J. Commer. Soc. Sci, Vol. 5, pp. 177-191. Dixit, V. (2012). A Study about Employee Commitment and its impact. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, pp. 34-51. Abbas, S. M. (2010). Gender Based Wage Discrimination and Its Impact on Performance of Blue Collar Workers: Evidence. KASBIT Business Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 45-63. Hiau, Joo. Kee. (2008) Glass ceiling or sticky floor exploring the Australian gender pay gap. The Economic Record, Vol. 82, No.59, pp. 408-427. Foley, S. (2005). Perceptions of Discrimination and Justice: Are there Gender Differences in Outcomes? Group Organization Management, Vol. 30, pp. 421-452. Ashraf, J, and B. Ashraf (1993) Estimating the Gender Wage Gap in Rawalpindi City. Journal of Development Studies 29:2. Ensher, E. A., Grant-Vallone, E. J., Donalson, S. I. (2001). Effects of perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 12, pp. 53-72. Prudence Pollard, Maxine Taylor and Noba Daher, Health Care Manager; Jan-Mar2007, Vol. 26 Issue 1, p52-63, 12p, 4 charts Ensher, E. A. (2011). Effects of Perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour and grievances. Human resource development quarterly, Vol. 1. Coomber B, Barriball KL. 2007†Impact of job satisfactions on intent to leave and turnover for hospital based nurses: a review of the research literature†, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 44, pp. 297-314. Joanne Healy and Zucca J. Linda Mid-American Journal of Business; Spring2004, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp. 55-62. Sen, Amartya, 1999, Assessing Human Development Special Contribution Human Development Report 1999 (New York: UNDP). Shah, Parveen. Memon, Rajab. A. (2004). Socio-economic and demographic status of rural women in Sindh. Proceedings of the international conference on social sciences: endangered and engendered, Fatima Jinnah women university, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, pp. 98-113. Nick, Foster. (1999) another ‘glass ceiling’? The experiences of women professionals and managers on international assignments, Gender, Work and Organization, Blackwell publisher’s ltd., Vol. 6, no. 2, pp.79-89. United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA), 2004, Programme of Action: Adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo 1994 Wayne, F. Casico, (1995) Managing Human Resource, Productivity, Quality of work life, Profits, McGraw hill Internationals, 4th ed. pp. 61-116. Susan, Trentham. Laurie, Larwood, (1998) Gender discrimination and the workplace: an examination of rational bias theory, Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Jan, 1998, pp. 1-22. Sanchez, J. I., Brock, P. (1996). Outcomes of perceived discrimination among Hispanic employees: Is diversity management a luxury or a necessity? Academy of Management Journal, 39 (3), 704–719. 11. Appendices Questionnaire We are students of B.sc (Hons) Accounting Finance, currently doing a research project on gender discrimination and its Impact on employee’s performance for which the questionnaire is being distributed to collect empirical data. Therefore you are kindly requested to fill this questionnaire. The information will be kept confidential and will be used for only academic Purpose it will take 15-20 min to complete the data. Thank you in anticipation (Strongly Disagree = 1, Strongly Agree = 5) Employee Productivity